Cathodoluminescence and Photoluminescence: Theories and Practical Applications

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Written by a senior industry expert with nearly 40 years of hands-on experience, Cathodoluminescence and Photoluminescence: Theories and Practical Applications presents a thorough review of advances, challenges, and recommendations for improving photoluminescent (PL) and cathodoluminescent (CL) phosphor display devices in terms of energy efficiency, image quality, color fidelity, operational lifetime, and production cost.

This book traces the development of cathode ray tubes (CRTs), PL and CL phosphor screens, and fluorescent lamps (FL) into modern phosphor display devices. The author relates luminescence phenomena and color to chemical composition, excitation mechanisms, energy conversion efficiencies, and bulk properties of phosphor particles. He also addresses image quality issues such as flickering, smearing, whitening, and contrast. Subsequent chapters focus on powder deposition techniques and the production of phosphor powders themselves. The text describes the necessary raw materials, flux materials, and growth conditions for producing ZnS powders. It provides a quantitative analysis on optimal processes and parameters for ensuring higher quality color and screen resolution.

Offering a detailed guide for next-generation scientists and engineers in the field, Cathodoluminescence and Photoluminescence describes current technologies and promising developments for producing higher quality, energy-efficient, and long-lasting phosphor CR and flat CL screen displays.

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Drug Delivery System

Drug delivery refers to the delivery of a pharmaceutical substance to human beings or animals. Modes of delivery include oral, nasal and rectal. However, administration of drugs through these modes may lead to terrible conditions.

Therefore, physicians prefer to deliver several peptides and protein drugs through injections.

To work efficiently, the drugs have to act in certain controlled manner to distribute the drug in the body. Targeted drug delivery takes place when the drugs remain active within a specific region of the body. Targeted delivery is important when the drugs need to have an effect on rapid increase of cells that lead to cancerous tissues.

Recent attempts in the area of drug delivery include, advance in intended delivery where the drugs are only active in the targeted area of the body (for instance, in cancerous tissue) and sustained-release formulations wherein the physician releases the drug over a period in a certain controlled manner.

The main aim of drug development is to discover drugs that are more effective and help to cure several symptoms of medical condition or illness. Drug development is often required to discover the chemical properties of latest substances, their strength and chemical composition. It is also necessary for the process of drug development to meet the regulations laid down by the authorities who certify drugs.

Nanotechnology:

All around the world, physicians attempt to find methods for more efficient drug delivery and drug development.

Nanotechnology is an effective method developed in the recent years. This mechanism simply makes possible for the drugs to saturate cell walls. The nanotechnology methods play a vital role in pharmaceutical industry.

The new drug delivery system might help alleviate some of the concerns of the pharmaceutical industry as it has answers to:

1. Better targeting ability: Then, patients will have to take low doses and therefore, there will be fewer side effects.

2. Reduction of manufacturing costs

3. Solubility enhancements

In very simple terms, drug delivery system is a process in which a bioactive agent is released at a specific site and at a specific rate. The drug delivery industry is evolving rapidly for the benefit to the human community.

Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Sorbents And Sensors

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This volume is concerned with functional nanomaterials: materials containing specific, predictable nanostructure whose chemical composition or interfacial structure enable them to perform a specific job destroy, sequester or detect some material that constitutes an environmental threat. Nanomaterials have a number of features that make them ideally suited for this job: high surface area, high reactivity, easy dispersability, and rapid diffusion. The purpose of this book is to showcase how these features can be tailored to address some of the environmental remediation and sensing/detection problems faced today. The leading researchers contributing to this volume paint a picture of diverse synthetic strategies, structures, materials and methods. The book is organized into sections on nanoparticle-based remediation strategies, nanostructured inorganic materials (such as layered materials like the apatites), nanostructured organic/inorganic hybrid materials, and the use of nanomaterials to enhance the performance of sensors. The chemistries captured by the contributors form a rich and colorful tapestry.

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Biomimetic Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to Applications

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This book deals with new bioceramics for new applications. Current and future applications are considered in terms of chemical composition, structure and properties. It explains the processes that (from the point of view of solid state and sol-gel chemistry) lead to better bone implants and other medical devices.

The book is structured to make it useful for students of biomaterials, but also as a reference for specialists interested in specific topics. Didactic figures and schemes make it easy for under-graduates to understand and the extended bibliography is indispensable for researchers.

The introductions to each chapter deal with some common fundamental concepts thus allowing the comprehension of each one independently. The first chapter describes biological hard tissues in vertebrates, from the point of view of mineralization processes. Concepts of hard tissue mineralization are employed to explain how nature works and an overview of artificial alternatives is provided.

Chapter 2 details several synthesis methodologies used to prepare nano-apatites. The aim is to obtain artificial carbonated calcium deficient nano-apatites that resemble, as closely as possible, natural biological apatites. A review on synthesis methods is collected in the bibliography.

Chapter 3 describes, in-depth, the biomimetic processes used to prepare apatites similar to biological ones. It focuses on hard tissue-related biomimetism and deals with nanoceramics obtained as a consequence of biomimetic processes. Valuable information about the most widely used biomimetic solutions and evaluation methods are included.

The final chapter provides an overview of the current and potential clinical applications of apatite-like biomimetic nanoceramics, intended as biomaterials for hard tissue repair, therapy and diagnosis.

 

Author Information

Maria Vallet-Regi­ studied Chemistry at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) and received her PhD at the same University in 1974. She is Professor of Inorganic Chemistry and Head of the Department of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry at the Faculty of Pharmacy (UCM). Her current research field is solid state chemistry, covering aspects of synthesis, characterisation and reactivity in oxides and bioceramics.

Daniel Arcos completed his PhD on the synthesis and evaluation of bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics in 2002. He has worked previously on structural studies of silicon containing hydroxyapatites. Currently, his research is focused on nanostructured materials for biomedical applications.

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Safe Nanotechnology in the Workplace

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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the Federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations to prevent work-related injury, illness, and death. As such, NIOSH is active in identifying critical issues related to possible health hazards of nanomaterials, protecting the safety and health of workers involved in this emerging technology, implementing a strategic plan to develop and disseminate methods for safely advancing the technology through workplace controls and safe handling procedures, and investigating the possible applications of nanotechnology to solve workplace safety and health issues. Because of their small size and large surface area, engineered nanoparticles may have chemical, physical, and biological properties distinctly different from larger particles of similar chemical composition. Those properties may include the ability to reach the gas exchange regions of the lung, travel from the lung throughout the body, penetrate dermal barriers, cross cell membranes, and interact at the molecular level. NIOSH is investigating all of these properties, as it would with any new technology or material in the workplace, to provide the necessary guidance to ensure a safe and healthy workplace.

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