A NEW CANCER THERAPY: MULTI-APPLICATION OF MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TEMPERATURE IMAGING GUIDED LASER INDUCED THERMAL THERAPY

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In this work multi-application, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as super MR contrast agents and Near-Infared Radiation (NIR) laser absorbers are combined with Proton Resonance Frequency (PRF) based Magnetic Resonance Temperature Imaging (MRTI) to improve the safety and efficacy of Laser Induced Thermal Therapy (LITT). Instilled MWCNTs enable precise tumor localization and killing of the tumor through preferential high temperature while protecting surrounding healthy tissue by monitoring the 3D temperature distribution. As advanced MR contrast agents (CA), Fe-containing MWCNTs produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with 600mg Ferrocene, show up to 5 times greater efficiency in changing T2 relaxation properties compared to the clinical MR CA, Feridex. Thus, MWCNTs could be used potentially as a super heating generator and contrast agents in thermal ablation therapy.

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Nanocomposite Said To Boost Lithium Batteries By 5X

Nanocomposites aim to boost the capacity of lithium ion batteries by five-times by hanging nanometer-sized silicon particles on trees of carbon black that self-assemble into porous micron-sized spheres, which increase an electrode’s surface area with interconnected internal channels.

High-performance lithium ion batteries today use anodes made from carbon (graphite). Silicon has been proposed as a substitute for graphite since it offers a theoretical improvement of 10-times in capacity over graphite, but so far prototypes have proven too unstable for creating lithium batteries with a long lifetime, according to professor Gleb Yushin at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

The problem, according to Yushin, is that silicon particles crack when they are formed at the same granularity of graphite particles—about 15 to 20 microns. The new nanocomposite material solves that problem by hanging 30 nanometer sized silicon particles on trees of carbon black which then self-assemble into porous spheres about 10-to-30 microns in diameter. The resulting electrode remains stable due to the durable carbon-superstructure that prevents cracking, but benefits from the increased surface area afforded by the smaller silicon nanoparticles.

Common chemical vapor deposition processes allow the new hybrid silicon-carbon electrodes to be mass produced economically, according to Yushin. He also claimes that because the tiny silicon nanoparticles are permanently attached to the micron-sized carbon black trees, they avoid the health hazards of processes that require handling of nanoscale particles.

So far Georgia Tech has fabricated experimental anode electrodes, which it is testing for use in standard manufacturing processes for lithium batteries. Their prototype has survived over one hundred recharge cycles without any degradation, leading the researchers to predict they will last for thousands of recharges.

Besides Yushin, other Georgia Tech researchers involved in the project include Alexandre Magasinki, Patrick Dixon, Benjamin Hertzberg and Alexander Alexeev, along with Alexander Kvit from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Igor Luzinov from Clemson University, and Jorge Ayala from Superior Graphite (Chicago).

Funding was provided by a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to Superior Graphite and Streamline Nanotechnologies, Inc.

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Nanotubes and Nanofibers

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Size, Shape, and Synthesis Key to “Tuning” Properties

The discovery and rapid evolution of carbon nanotubes have led to a vastly improved understanding of nanotechnology, as well as dozens of possible applications for nanomaterials of different shapes and sizes ranging from composites to biology, medicine, energy, transportation, and electronic devices. Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers an overview of structure–property relationships, synthesis and purification, and potential applications of carbon nanotubes and fibers, including whiskers, cones, nanobelts, and nanowires.

Using research on carbon nanotubes as a foundation to further developments, this book discusses methods for growing and synthesizing amorphous and nanocrystalline graphitic carbon structures and inorganic nanomaterials, including wet chemical synthesis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, and others. It also describes boron nitride and metal chalcogenide nanotubes in detail and reviews the unique properties and methods for characterizing and producing single-crystalline semiconducting and functional-oxide nanowires. The chapters also identify challenges involving the controlled growth, processing, and assembly of organic and inorganic nanostructures that must be addressed before large-scale applications can be implemented.

Edited by award-winning professor and researcher Dr. Yury Gogotsi, Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers a well-rounded perspective on the advances leading to improved nanomaterial properties for a range of new devices and applications including electronic devices, structural composites, hydrogen and gas storage, electrodes in electrochemical energy-storage systems, sorbents, and filters.

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Charging Ahead With Nanotechnology

With all of the technology that is being continuously introduced and used, it would only seem logical in our quest for a green world to apply some of the renewable energy efforts to this spectrum. That is exactly what some scientists are looking into with their research on how nanotechnology can be used with lithium batteries.

According to Science News, a report that will be published in International Journal of Nanomanufacturing asserts that “carbon nanotubes can prevent such batteries from losing their charge capacity over time.” The batteries they are speaking of are the lithium-based batteries that are found in commonly used devices such as MP3 players, laptop computers, and cell phones.

As any of us who partake of these various technologies are quite aware of, with continued use, the battery power just seems to lose its life. As the news story reports, elements such as hot and cold temperatures help this reduction process along even more. Scientists have been researching this degradation process for awhile, and have looked into silicon to replace the universally used lithium-ion batteries. However, due to the fast rate that silicon also degrades, they have had to search even further.

This is where nanotechnology comes into play. As Science News states, “Shengyang’s Hui-Ming Cheng and colleagues have turned to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to help them use silicon (Si) as the battery anode but avoid the problem of large volume change during alloying and de-alloying.” By introducing the carbon nanotubes to the silicon, they seem to be solving some of the problems that previously existed.

The whole process is quite amazing. “The researchers grew carbon nanotubes on the surface of tiny particles of silicon using a technique known as chemical vapor deposition in which a carbon-containing vapor decomposes and then condenses on the surface of the silicon particles forming the nanoscopic tubes. They then coated these particles with carbon released from sugar at a high temperature in a vacuum. A separate batch of silicon particles produced using sugar but without the CNTs was also prepared.”

The scientists used these two diverse batches and compared them. What they found was remarkable – the batch using the carbon produced a discharge capacity twice that of the one which only contained the silicon particles.

There seems to be many reasons that have prompted research into better material used to create batteries. Reports of fires found to be ignited by lithium-ion batteries, although rare, seem to have caused much attention to be placed on safer materials. The general complaint many have regarding the increased reduction of device batteries after continued use is likely another reason that prompted the research. Whatever the likely combination was, this new research could be monumental in how users of technological devices power up their gadgets.

Nanotechnology is not the only material researchers are using in their quest for a better battery, but it does seem to be one of the options that show much promise.

Electrical Transport Properties of Single III-Nitride Nanowires: GaN, InN and ZnO nanowires

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The electrical transport properties studies on single GaN and InN nanowires were studied. First, we report studies on the effect of UV/ozone cleaning on n-type GaN nanowires. After subtraction of this contact resistivity from the total resistance of the nanowire, it was found that the ozone treatment reduced the apparent resistivity from 71 to 0.7 ¿ cm. Second, a simple fabrication process for single GaN nanowire field effect transistor on Si substrate was demonstrated. The as-grown GaN nanowires exhibited n-type conductivity after annealing. From the temperature-dependence resistance behavior, the transport was dominated by tunneling in these annealed nanowires. Third, the transport properties of single InN nanowires grown by thermal catalytic chemical vapor deposition were measured as a function of both length/square of radius ratio and temperature. The usual Ohm¿s law will fail in small nanowires in the diffusive regime when the wire radius is comparable with electron de Broglie¿s wavelength or the scatter potential range.

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