Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security)

Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security)

The energy arteries of the corporate body of mankind are still fed mainly by fossil fuels; but they are in danger of running dry soon unless new energy sources are made available.

One of the most important as well as the most ecologically pure power source is hydrogen, that constitutes the heart of hydrogen power engineering and considered as a future alternative to fossil power sources.

The chemistry of carbon nanomaterials and hydrogen materials science will play an important role in hastening the conversion to the Hydrogen Energy System.

In this connection the research and application of materials capable of interacting actively with hydrogen, its accumulating and storing will be of the utmost significance. This is of particular actuality for creation of mobile energy sources both for mobile telephones and for hybrid electric cars that are developed by all large car manufacturers of the world. In this connection the hydrogen capacity of carbon nanostructural materials, such as fullerenes, nanotubes, nanofibers and other nanostructures, has aroused a special interest of researchers.

Hydriding metals, alloys, nanocarbon and composite materials can store hydrogen safely at relatively low pressures and temperatures. Very many other applications are also possible – such as heating and cooling, waste heat storage, pumping, pressurizing, heat-pumping, hydrogen purifying, deuterium separation, electricity production, etc.

As a source of ‘clean’ energy, hydrogen is also going to be the permanent answer to another global problem caused by utilization of fossil fuels, such as the greenhouse effect, climate change, acid rains, ozone layer depletion, pollution and oil spills.

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Advances in Clean Room Technology

What is a Clean Room?

A clean room is a highly sanitised and controlled room free of anti pollution and contaminants. The clean rooms are equipped with concise technology such as scanners, high-speed fans and air ducts. These rooms are constructed of sealed materials to prevent migration of contaminants including volatiles from adhesives and particulate matter. The rooms have high-end filtration systems. They are equipped with air management equipment for creating positive air pressure inside the chamber.

Clean rooms were established in the 1960s. They were developed for the fabrication of precision technology required in the aerospace industry. Clean rooms are now commonly employed for manufacturing or research. They are used in industries of semi-conductors, space satellites, sterile medical devices, nano-fabrication and bio-technology. They are also used in precision electronic industries producing silicon chips and computer hard drives and optics.

They were established, as objects manufactured in these industries are sensitive to microscopic contaminants. Even minute invisible dust particles including bacteria can corrupt a silicon chip. Similarly, contaminants inside a Petri dish can cause gene therapy to go wrong. Clean rooms are subject to specifications. This means that the level of sanitisation and room size is dependent on the industry need. A clean room can be large, small, modular or circular in size.

Clean Room Classifications

Clean rooms are classified according to airborne particle counts. Usually a class 100 clean room has around 750 particles per cubic foot measuring at an approximate rate of 0.2 per metre. Another guideline pertains to the technology used in the clean room. The equipment has to be of the highest technical precision standard. It should be sensitive to variations of temperature, heat and light. This is a way of monitoring the clean room environment. The technology fails to function if the room is contaminated even to a slight degree.

Clean Room & Data Recovery

Data Recovery clean rooms can be defined as environmentally controlled spaces that are free of contaminants of dust and bacteria. A clean room is a controlled environment of designated temperature and humidity. The room usually has moderate dry–cool temperatures with humidity levels of 45%. This is done to ensure that sensitive equipment is at no risk of contamination. The clean room is also referred to as the lab in the data recovery industry

These rooms are a necessary facility in the data recovery industry due to their close tolerance mechanisms. This means that the extreme sensitive nature of the hard drive interior cavity can only be opened in a anti-pollutant environment. There is a danger of corruption of the entire disk if the environment is contaminated. The drive has to be opened and scanned in a controlled environment. It has to be reassembled in a sanitised environment. The drive does not function if any pollutant enters the disk interior during the recovery procedure. ICs and hard drives are manufactured for internal servicing in the clean room. Thus, the concept of clean room technology forms the basis of data recovery.

It is equipped with high-performance air filters for controlling airborne particulate, contaminants and pollutants. This high efficiency particulate air i.e. HEPA filtering system helps in minimising generation of dust particles. The walls and ceilings of the room are made of plastic. External source of lightning and proper ventilation is ensured to permit clean and dust-free air to aid in the process of data recovery.

Basic Guidelines/Rules of Clean Room Technology

Contaminants from the environment outside the clean room should not be allowed into the controlled area.
The equipment used within the controlled environment must not generate or produce contaminants.
Accumulation of contaminants in the controlled environment should not be allowed.
Already existing contaminants must be quickly eliminated from the room. The elimination ought to be done to the fullest extent possible ensuring a sanitised environment.

Data Recovery Clean Room Standards

Clean room specifications are usually defined according to the particle diameter and number of particles per unit volume. The cleanliness class is described as a standard used for determining the level of cleanliness in the air of the controlled environment. This includes the establishment of the national clean room technology standard of 52 95 form in 1999. This standard figures out the airborne particulate cleanliness classes. There are six different classes used in data recovery:

Class 1– ISO3
Class 10 — ISO4
Class 100 — ISO 5
Class 1,000 — ISO 6
Class 10,000 — ISO 7
Class 100,000 ISO 8

What is the Contribution of a Clean Room towards effective Data Recovery

In a highly competitive world where one hard drive crash can wipe out an entire company from business, express precaution is taken to safeguard one’s data from leakage and theft.

This has more so become the rule in today’s world where a single data recovery loss situation can wreak irreparable damage that can in no way be reimbursed in terms of finances and the destruction caused.  This has prompted most of the data recovery companies to build up an infrastructure that can effectively and efficiently retrieve the lost data that has suffered deletion or mutilation. It is in this regard that Clean Rooms come into play.

The very concept of a Clean Room came into being in the early 60s, when the aeronautics industry started developing its high precision technology. Later on this idea spilt over to the other industries that required a similar environment for experimenting and preserving their finds and inventions.

A Clean Room is a specially designed working area where the environmental parameters like the quality of air, humidity, temperature and moisture are technically regulated and manipulated so as to protect the sensitive equipments, samples, apparatus and gadgets from getting contaminated by outside influence.

The size and expanse of the Clean Room depends on the requirement of the industry in question and can vary from an office cubicle to a relatively spacious room but its uniqueness lies in the fact that they can be permanent, modular or portable whichever suits the company.

Clean rooms have now made a niche for themselves in the industries that deal in bio-technology, nano-fabrication, space satellites, sterile medical devices, computer hardware, optics, silicon chips and microprocessors.

Clean rooms were first classified in the US in 1963 and from then on six categories have emerged ranging from Class 1 to Class 100,000. The classification is done on the basis of the number and size of particles allowed per unit volume of air inside the Clean Room. Closely tailing behind USA, UK came out with the British Standard 5295 in 1999 while the first ISO standard called ISO 14644-I was published in 1999. Ideally a Class 100 clean room contains not more than 100 particles of 0.5 microns or more per cubic foot of air and the calculations go likewise.

The technology that goes into preserving the Clean Room is tedious and complex but it’s every penny worth the effort. Every Clean room needs to maintain a laminar air flow so as to avoid turbulence and specially designed commodities, stationery, furniture and gadgets of specified quality are used. The trained and specialized professionals who work inside a clean room wear special gloves, face masks, head covers and bunny suits to prevent contamination.

The environment is kept dust-free and well-controlled by following an effective contamination control program which entails repeated filtering of the air using sets of special filters that remove particulate impurities that can cause any sort of harm. Specially designed filters called the HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filters are used to filter particles that may be as small as 0.3 microns.

Every data recovery software company with a reasonable market standing has a Clean Room as this is an essential infrastructure which no data recovery company can do without.  Since the Clean Rooms are used for the express purpose of dissecting the hard drive and physical servicing of the hard drive components even a small dust particle settling between the platters and the read/ write head can  cause the disk to crash. Thus the clean room maintains an ideal environment for opening, operating and repairing such electronic devices.

If your hard drive has crashed and other hardware components in your computer are ill functioning, bank on Stellar Information Systems Ltd, a pioneer data recovery company specializing in data recovery and data protection services for assistance.

Equipped with trained and expert data recovery professionals and an excellent Clean room facility, Stellar can effectively retrieve your data from such situations by applying top-notch proprietary tools and techniques.

The procedure they follow is simple yet result yielding. The hard drive is dissected and the nonfunctional components are replaced and made operational again. A thorough hard drive scan is conducted and the recoverable data is effectively and efficiently extracted with maximum efforts exercised to maintain the original format.

Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems

Product Description

The energy arteries of the corporate body of mankind are still fed mainly by fossil fuels; but they are in danger of running dry soon unless new energy sources are made available.

One of the most important as well as the most ecologically pure power source is hydrogen, that constitutes the heart of hydrogen power engineering and considered as a future alternative to fossil power sources.

The chemistry of carbon nanomaterials and hydrogen materials science will play an important role in hastening the conversion to the Hydrogen Energy System.

In this connection the research and application of materials capable of interacting actively with hydrogen, its accumulating and storing will be of the utmost significance. This is of particular actuality for creation of mobile energy sources both for mobile telephones and for hybrid electric cars that are developed by all large car manufacturers of the world. In this connection the hydrogen capacity of carbon nanostructural materials, such as fullerenes, nanotubes, nanofibers and other nanostructures, has aroused a special interest of researchers.

Hydriding metals, alloys, nanocarbon and composite materials can store hydrogen safely at relatively low pressures and temperatures. Very many other applications are also possible – such as heating and cooling, waste heat storage, pumping, pressurizing, heat-pumping, hydrogen purifying, deuterium separation, electricity production, etc.

As a source of ‘clean’ energy, hydrogen is also going to be the permanent answer to another global problem caused by utilization of fossil fuels, such as the greenhouse effect, climate change, acid rains, ozone layer depletion, pollution and oil spills.

BUY FROM AMAZON–>> Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems

Clean Technology 2008: Bio Energy, Renewables, Green Building, Smart Grid, Storage, and Water

Product Description
These proceedings from the 2008 CTSI conference provide the most prestigious forum in the world for leading clean tech scientists. The papers from the conference have been compiled into one easy-to-use resource to create the most authoritative and comprehensive compendium available across all of clean technology. This book covers bioenergy fuels, photovoltaics, wind energy, geothermal energy, green buildings, smart grid, fuel cells, hydrogen technology, green chemistry, sustainable industry practices, storage technologies, and energy policies.

BUY FROM AMAZON–>> Clean Technology 2008: Bio Energy, Renewables, Green Building, Smart Grid, Storage, and Water

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