Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Systems on Discrete Spaces

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The area of low-dimensional quantum systems on discrete spaces is a rapidly growing research field lying at the interface between quantum theoretical developments, like discrete and q-difference equations, and tight binding superlattice models in solid-state physics. Systems on discrete spaces are promising candidates for applications in several areas. Indeed, the dynamic localization of electrons on the 1D lattice under the influence of an external electric field serves to describe time-dependent transport in quantum wires, linear optical absorption spectra, and the generation of higher harmonics. Odd-even parity effects and the flux dependent oscillations of total persistent currents in discretized rings can also be invoked. Technological developments are then provided by conductance calculations characterizing 1D conductors, junctions between rings and leads or rings and dots, and by quantum LC-circuits. Accordingly, the issues presented in this book are important starting points for the design of novel nanodevices.

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Focus on Nanotube Research

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A novel way of arranging the atomic structure of a substance so that it can be made thousands of times stronger than in its native state. Often used to make duranium a further ten thousand times stronger. Thus, a lump of duranium can be made over ten million times stronger than the equivalent block of titanium. A one dimensional fullerene (a convex cage of atoms with only hexagonal and/or pentagonal faces) with a cylindrical shape. Carbon nanotubes discovered in 1991 by Sumio Iijima resemble rolled up graphite, although they can not really be made that way. Depending on the direction that the tubes appear to have been rolled (quantified by the ‘chiral vector’), they are known to act as conductors or semiconductors. Nanotubes are a proving to be useful as molecular components for nanotechnology. This book assembles and presents new and important research in the field.

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Nanomaterials: New Research Developments

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Nanomaterials is the study of how materials behave when their dimensions are reduced to the nanoscale. It can also refer to the materials themselves that are used in nanotechnology. Materials reduced to the nanoscale can suddenly show very different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications. For instance, opaque substances become transparent (copper); inert materials become catalysts (platinum); stable materials turn combustible (aluminum); solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold); insulators become conductors (silicon). Materials such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales. Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these unique quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale. This book presents the latest research from around the globe.

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Trends in Nanotubes Research

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This book talks about a novel way of arranging the atomic structure of a substance so that it can be made thousands of times stronger than in its native state. It is often used to make duranium a further ten thousand times stronger. Thus, a lump of duranium can be made over ten million times stronger than the equivalent block of titanium. A one dimensional fullerene (a convex cage of atoms with only hexagonal and/ or pentagonal faces) with a cylindrical shape. Carbon nanotubes discovered in 1991 by Sumio Iijima resemble rolled up graphite, although they can not really be made that way. Depending on the direction that the tubes appear to have been rolled (quantified by the ‘chiral vector’), they are known to act as conductors or semiconductors. Nanotubes are proving to be useful as molecular components for nanotechnology. This book assembles and presents new and important research in the field.

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Ultra-Lightweight, Bendable Batteries

Stanford scientists are doing the unbelievable. Who could have thought of ordinary papers as batteries and super capacitors? But Stanford scientists are harnessing nanotechnology to quickly create ultra-lightweight, bendable batteries and super capacitors utilizing everyday paper. They have prepared ink with of carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires. Silver nanowires are highly conductive storage device. They are coating the sheet of papers with ink of carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires.

Yi Cui is the assistant professor of materials science and engineering. Cui’s work is published in the paper “Highly Conductive Paper for Energy Storage Devices.” It is published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He states, “Society really needs a low-cost, high-performance energy storage device, such as batteries and simple supercapacitors.”

What is the difference between battery and capacitor? Batteries and capacitors both store electric charge. But capacitors hold it for a shorter duration than batteries. But, capacitors have an advantage. They can store and discharge electricity much more rapidly than a battery.

Cui says about the nanomaterials, “These nanomaterials are special. They’re a one-dimensional structure with very small diameters.” The small diameter is quite crucial because it helps the nanomaterial ink to stick strongly to the fibrous paper. This makes the battery and supercapacitor very durable. The paper supercapacitor can bear the 40,000 charge-discharge cycles. It’s better than lithium batteries as far as an order of magnitude is concerned. Cui explains that the nanomaterials also make ideal conductors because they move electricity along much more efficiently than ordinary conductors.

Bing Hu is a post-doctoral fellow. He put the above theory to practice. He took a small square of ordinary paper and dipped it with an ink. This deposited the nanotubes on the surface of the paper. This paper can then be charged with energy and viola! You are holding this wonder called paper battery.

Cui had previously experimented with plastic. He created plastic batteries using nano material. But he concluded that paper is a better option than plastic. Because, a paper battery is more long-lasting than plastic as ink sticks to paper more strongly. You can test the durability of paper batter by crumpling it, folding it or soaking it in acid or base, it’s performance will not deteriorate.

We all can conclude that paper battery will be more flexible than plastic one. By using that flexibility we can manoeuvre the battery in many possible ways. Cui explains, “If I want to paint my wall with a conducting energy storage device. I can use a brush.” Cui’s invention can be quite beneficial for electric or hybrid cars, because they demand quick transfer of electricity. The paper supercapacitor also enjoys the distinction of high surface-to-volume ratio. It will be advantageous for hybrid cars.

Peidong Yang is the professor of chemistry at the University of California-Berkeley. He says, “This technology has potential to be commercialized within a short time. I don’t think it will be limited to just energy storage devices. This is potentially a very nice, low-cost, flexible electrode for any electrical device.”

Cui foresees the biggest use of his paper batteries in large-scale storage of electricity on the distribution grid. We all know that surplus electricity generated at night could be stored in these paper batteries and later on utilized during rush or peak hours. Energy of wind and solar farms can also be stored in these paper batteries.

Yang put forth his opinion, “The most important part of this paper is how a simple thing in daily life — paper — can be used as a substrate to make functional conductive electrodes by a simple process. It’s nanotechnology related to daily life, essentially.”

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