New nanostructure combines memory and logic elements

Magnetic semiconductor could lead to new processing paradigm
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New nanostructure combines memory and logic elements

Magnetic semiconductor could lead to new processing paradigm
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Flexures: Elements of Elastic Mechanisms

Flexures: Elements of Elastic Mechanisms

Flexures and flexure-based mechanisms are frequently found in instrumentation and machinery across a broad range of scientific applications. Specifically, these elements are used to connect rigid links in a way that provides stiff constraints in some directions, while, as a result of high compliance, enabling relatively free motion in others. Consequently, flexure mechanisms can be used in any application requiring precise motion control, particularly for small translations or rotations.
The purpose of this book is to present to the reader some basic flexure geometries and the analytic models whereby they may be assessed for specific design applications. Integration of these to produce useful mechanisms for precise motion control with fast dynamic response occupies a considerable portion of this text. This book will be useful for advanced undergraduate and graduate students embarking on any endeavor requiring competence in experimental and mechanical sciences, as well as practicing engineers and

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Organic Light Emitting Diodes-Smart Elements For Displays

 

 

 

Organic light emitting diode-Smart element for display.

 

An organic light emitting diode (OLED), is a light-emitting diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. This layer of organic semiconductor material is formed between two electrodes, where at least one of the electrodes is transparent.

OLED can be used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, watches, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements. OLEDs emit less light per unit area than inorganic solid-state based LEDs .

 

OLED displays have certain advantages over liquid crystal displays (LCDs). OLED displays do not require a backlight to function. Thus, they can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than LCD panels. OLED displays achieve higher contrast ratios than either LCD screens using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) or the more recently developed LED .

OLED Components:An OLED is a device that is 100 to 500 nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair. OLEDs can have either two layers or three layers of organic material; in the latter design, the third layer helps transport electrons from the cathode to the emissive layer. In this article, we’ll be focusing on the two-layer design.

 

An OLED consists of the following parts:

1.Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) – The substrate supports the OLED.

 2.Anode (transparent) – The anode removes electrons (adds electron “holes”) when a current flows through the device.

3.Organic layers – These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.

4.Conducting layer – This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport “holes” from the     anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.

5.cathode: The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer

 

 

 

 

OLED is com posed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and both anode and cathode terminals. The layers are made of organic molecules that conduct electricity. The layers have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered organic semiconductors.

OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene).

Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two layers to improve device efficiencyand conductive properties,  the layers are  chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted.

.

 

 

Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (?), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+)

 

Operation ofOLEDs:

OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence.

The process is as follows: 1. the voltage is applied across the OLED.

2.An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).

The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.

       The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules.

3.At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layer , Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are more mobile than electrons. The recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of electrons, accompanied by an emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. Hence this layer is called emissive.

 

        4.When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light . The OLED emits    

           Light.

        5.The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer.

             Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays.

         6.when the anode is put at a negative potential with respect to the cathode then holes               move tothe anode and electrons to the cathode, so they are moving away from each other and do not recombine.In this case OLED  is not functions as light emitter. 

 

 

7.The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light

8.Anode material in OLED must have high work function where cathode material must have low workfunction.so generally Indium tin oxide is used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer

 

Types of OLEDs:

There are several types of OLEDs & each type has different uses.

 

1.Passive-matrix OLED

2.Active-matrix OLED

3.Transparent OLED

4.Top-emitting OLED

5.Foldable OLED

6.White OLED

Passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED)
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.

 

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that currently.

AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image.

 

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards

Transparent OLED
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight.This technology can be used in Head-up displays, smart windows or augmented reality applications

 

Top-emitting OLED
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.

 

Foldable OLED
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached to fabrics to create “smart” clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.

White OLED
White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy efficient than that emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.

In the next section, we’ll discuss the pros and cons of OLED technology and how it compares to regular LED and LCD technology.

Stacked OLED

Stacked OLED (SOLED) uses a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another, leading to substantial increase in gamut and color depth, and greatly reducing pixel gap. Currently, other display technologies have the RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each other decreasing potential resolution.

Inverted OLED

In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED (IOLED) uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.[44]

Advantages OLED

OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:

      1.The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.

2.Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid.

3.OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.

4.OLEDs are brighter than LEDs.

5.Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered.

6.LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.

7.OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs .since  OLEDs generate light themselves

8. As OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less power than LCDs .This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.

9.OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets.

10.OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.

Disadvantages OLED
OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems:

1.Lifetime – While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours.

Manufacturing – Manufacturing processes are expensive right now.

2.Water – Water can easily damage OLEDs.

Color balance issues

The OLED material used to produce blue light degrades significantly more rapidly than the materials that produce other colors, blue light output will decrease relative to the other colors of light. This differential color output change will change the color balance of the display and is much more noticeable than a decrease in overall luminance. This can be partially avoided by adjusting colour balance but this may require advanced control circuits and interaction with the user, which is unacceptable for some users.

Other companies

The Optimus Maximus keyboard developed by the Art. Lebedev Studio and released early 2008 uses 113 48×48-pixel OLEDs (10.1×10.1 mm) for its keys.

OLEDs can be used in High-Resolution Holography (Volumetric display). Professor Orbit showed on May 12, 2007, EXPO Lisbon the potential application of these materials to reproduce three-dimensional video.[citation needed]

OLEDs could also be used as solid-state light sources. OLED efficiency and lifetime already exceed those of incandescent light bulbs, and OLEDs are investigated worldwide as a source of general illumination; an example is the EU OLLA project.[75]

On March 11, 2008 GE Global Research demonstrated the first successful roll-to-roll manufactured OLED, marking a major milestone towards cost effective production of commercial OLED technology. The four year, $13 million research project was carried out by GE Global Research, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.[76][77]

Chi Mei Corporation of Taiwan, demonstrated a 25″ Low-Temperature Polycrystalline silicon Active Matrix OLED at the Society of Information Displays (SID) conference in Los Angeles, CA, USA on May 20–22, 2008.

On June 5, 2009 DuPont demonstrated a new material that can be printed, so called solution deposition. The breakthrough is the ability to produce economically scalable and durable OLED displays at the 2009 International Symposium, May 31-June 5, 2009, Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center, San Antonio, TX, USA

The use of OLEDs is also being investigated for the treatment of cancer by photodynamic therapy.[78]

On 30 Aug 2009, South Korea’s LG Electronics said it would launch a 15-inch television set using AM-OLED displays for sale in November.[79][80]

According to Isuppli Corp,[81] upward momentum of OLED Shipments for primary cell phone displays is their expectation in coming years. They claimed that global shipments of OLED main cell phone displays would rise to 178 million units in 2015, up from 22.2 million in 2009. In other words, the shipments will rise eightfold by 2015. Therefore, it’s evident that the manufacture of OLED display and OLED equipment by Samsung, DuPont, Anwell, Chi Mei Corporation, etc has expanded dramatically in recent years.

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^ “OLED Shipments for Primary Cell-Phone Displays to Rise Eightfold by 2015″. Isuppli.com retrieved on 09/03/2009. http://www.isuppli.com/News/Pages/OLED-Shipments-for-Primary-Cell-PhoneDisplays-to-Rise-Two-Hundred-fold-by-2015.aspx. 
^ Electronic News, OLEDs Replacing LCDs in Mobile Phones, April 7, 2005, retrieved on July 28, 2007.
^ Michael Kanellos, “Start-up creates flexible sheets of light”, CNet News.com, December 6, 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
^ AP, “New machine prints sheets of light”, CNN.com, 10 October 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^ “OQO OLED Notebook Is A Luminous Beauty | Gadget Lab | Wired.com”. Blog.wired.com. 2009-01-09. http://blog.wired.com/gadgets/2009/01/oqo-oled-notebo.html. Retrieved 2009-08-17. 
^ “Philips Lumiblades”. Lumiblade.com. 2009-08-09. http://www.lumiblade.com. Retrieved 2009-08-17. 
^ “Sprint to sell high-end AM-OLED phones from Samsung”. Reuters retrieved on 2009-08-06. http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idUSN0651549520090806. 
^ search patents at www.uspto.gov
^ OLED-Info.com, Kodak Signs OLED Cross-License Agreement, retrieved on March 14, 2008.
^ “ANWELL: Higher profit, higher margins going forward”. nextinsight.com. http://www.nextinsight.com.sg/content/view/57/55/. 
^ “Chi Mei EL (CMEL)”. OLED-Info.com. http://www.oled-info.com/oled_panel_makers/chi_mei_el_cmel. 
^ “Organic Light Emitting Diodes”. dupont.com. http://www2.dupont.com/Displays/en_US/products_services/oled/. 
^ “GE Global Research Makes OLED Breakthrough”. Tech Valley.com. http://www.techvalley.org/Pages/News _ Events/Tech Valley News/3-11-2008 (1).html. 
^ “LG OLEDs”. OLED-Info.com. http://www.oled-info.com/lg-oled. 
^ “SAMSUNG OLEDs”. OLED-Info.com. http://www.oled-info.com/samsung-oled. 
^ “Sony OLEDs”. OLED-Info.com. http://www.oled-info.com/sony-oled. 
^ “Samsung SDI — The world’s largest OLED display maker”. Oled-info.com. http://www.oled-info.com/market_reports/samsung_sdi_the_worlds_largest_oled_display_maker. Retrieved 2009-08-17. 
^ a b c “Frost & Sullivan Recognizes Samsung SDI for Market Leadership in the OLED Display Market | Business Wire | Find Articles at BNET”. Findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_July_17/ai_n27929051. Retrieved 2009-08-17. 
^ Passive Matrix OLEDs (PMOLEDs) and AMOLEDs.
Further reading
P. Chamorro-Posada, J. Martín-Gil, P. Martín-Ramos, L.M. Navas-Gracia, Fundamentos de la Tecnología OLED (Fundamentals of OLED Technology). University of Valladolid, Spain (2008). ISBN 978-84-936644-0-4. Available online, with permission from the authors, at the webpage: http://www.scribd.com/doc/13325893/Fundamentos-de-la-Tecnologia-OLED
Shinar, Joseph (Ed.), Organic Light-Emitting Devices: A Survey. NY: Springer-Verlag (2004). ISBN 0-387-95343-4.
Hari Singh Nalwa (Ed.), Handbook of Luminescence, Display Materials and Devices, Volume 1-3. American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles (2003). ISBN 1-58883-010-1. Volume 1: Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Hari Singh Nalwa (Ed.), Handbook of Organic Electronics and Photonics, Volume 1-3. American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles (2008). ISBN 1-58883-095-0.

RABIYA TANVEER.                                                                

LECTURER IN PHYSICS

CHAITANYA DEGREE AND P.G COLLEGE

HNK,WARANGAL,INDIA.

AFFILIATION:

1.NANO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CONSORTIUM,

NOIDA,UP.INDIA.

2.PHOTONICS 21,EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM. EMAIL:munaizag@gmail.com                      

 

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