Continuous Carbon Nanofibers: Prepared from Electrospun Polyacrylonitrle Precursor Fibers

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The utilization of materials for the preparation of fibers and textiles began at the beginning of civilization and extended until the 20th centruy when steam driven machinery revolutionized the mechanical operations of spinning and weaving. Carbon fibers were first produced by Edison in the late 19th century; Edison found that regenerated cellulose (rayon) could be converted into carbon filaments for use in incandescent lamps. Electrospinning was first patented in 1902; electrospinning is a fiber spinning technique that relies on electrostatic forces to produce fibers in the nanometer to micron diameter range. The electrsopinning process of fiber production is examined in regards to the preparation of continuous Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers with the purpose of preparing carbon nanofibers for the reinforcement of thin films and nanocomposites. The mechanical properties and reinforcing behavior of nanofibers are expected to differ significantly from their conventional counterparts; the strength of a carbon filament increases as the diameter decreases. The research should be especially useful to beginning and experienced researchers in the the field of nanomaterials.

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Giant Molecules: Here, There, and Everywhere,

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This book describes the basic facts, concepts and ideas of polymer physics in simple, yet scientifically accurate, terms. In both scientific and historic contexts, the book shows how the subject of polymers is fascinating, as it is behind most of the wonders of living cell machinery as well as most of the new developments in materials. No mathematics is used in the book beyond modest high school algebra, yet very sophisticated concepts are introduced and explained, ranging from scaling and reptations to protein folding and evolution. This new edition includes an extended section on polymer preparation methods, discusses knots formed by molecular filaments, and presents new and updated materials on polymer properties of proteins and their roles in biological evolution.

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Super laptop Battery

Super laptop Battery Ever wish you could charge your cellphone or laptop in a few seconds rather than hours? As this ScienCentral News video explains, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are developing a battery that could do just that, and also might never need to be replaced.

The Past is Future

As our portable devices get more high-tech, the laptop batteries that power them can seem to lag behind. But Joel Schindall and his team at M.I.T. plan to make long charge times and expensive replacements a thing of the past–by improving on technology from the past.

They turned to the capacitor, which was invented nearly 300 years ago. Schindall explains, “We made the connection that perhaps we could take an old product, a capacitor, and use a new technology, nanotechnology, to make that old product in a new way.”

Rechargable and disposable batteries use a chemical reaction to produce energy. “That’s an effective way to store a large amount of energy,” he says, “but the problem is that after many charges and discharges … the battery loses capacity to the point where the user has to discard it.sony vgp-bps2c,vgp-bps2a“

But capacitors contain energy as an electric field of charged particles created by two metal electrodes. Capacitors charge faster and last longer than normal batteries. The problem is that storage capacity is proportional to the surface area of the battery’s electrodes, so even today’s most powerful capacitors hold 25 times less energy than similarly sized standard chemical batteries.

The researchers solved this by covering the electrodes with millions of tiny filaments called nanotubes. Each nanotube is 30,000 times thinner than a human hair. Similar to how a thick, fuzzy bath towel soaks up more water than a thin, flat bed sheet, the nanotube filaments increase the surface area of the electrodes and allow the capacitor to store more energy. Schindall says this combines the strength of today’s batteries with the longevity and speed of capacitors.

“It could be recharged many, many times perhaps hundreds of thousands of times,sony vgp-bps5a ,vgp-bps2c and … it could be recharged very quickly, just in a matter of seconds rather than a matter of hours,” he says.

This technology has broad practical possibilities, affecting any device that requires a battery. Schindall says, “Small devices such as hearing aids that could be more quickly recharged where the batteries wouldn’t wear out; up to larger devices such as automobiles where you could regeneratively re-use the energy of motion and therefore improve the energy efficiency and fuel economy.”

Schindall thinks hybrid cars would be a particularly popular application for these batteries, vgp-bpl2 ,vgp-bps2,especially because current hybrid batteries are expensive to replace.

Nanotube filaments on the battery’s electrodes

image: MIT/Riccardo Signorelli

Schindall also sees the ecological benefit to these reinvented capacitors. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, more than 3 billion industrial and household batteries were sold in the United States in 1998. When these batteries are disposed, toxic chemicals like cadmium can seep into the ground.

“It’s better for the environment, because it allows the user to not worry about replacing his battery,” he says. “It can be discharged and charged hundreds of thousands of times, essentially lasting longer than the life of the equipment with which it is associated.”

Schindall and his team aren’t the only ones looking back to capacitors as the future of batteries; a research group in England recently announced advances of their own.Sony vgp-bps2c, But Schindall’s groups expects their prototype to be finished in the next few months, and they hope to see them on the market in less than five years.

Schindall’s research was featured in the May 2006 edition of Discover Magazine and presented at the 15th International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Hybrid Energy Storage Devices in Deerfield Beach, Florida on December 2005. His research is funded by the Ford-MIT Consortium.

Mechanical and Dynamical Principles of Protein Nanomotors: The Key to Nano-Engineering Applications

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It is obvious that movement is an essential concept of all living organisms. Molecular motility participates in many cellular functions including cell division, intracellular transport and movement of the organism itself. Thus, it is not surprising that nature has evolved a series of biological nanomotors that fulfil many of these tasks. A general class of these biological nanomotors is called protein nanomotors that move in a linear fashion (e.g. the kinesin or myosin or dynein motors) or rotate (e.g. F0F1-ATP synthase or bacterial flagellar motors). Protein nanomotors are natural motors responsible for the human activity and are also the subject of interest for nanotechnology. Protein nanomotors are ideal nanomotors because of their small size, perfect structure, smart and high efficiency. Recent advances in understanding how protein nanomotors work has raised the possibility that they might find applications as protein-based nanorobots. Thus bio-nanomotors could form the basis of bottom-up approaches for constructing active structuring and maintenance at the manometer scale. In this chapter, we have presented structures, mechanisms and potential applications of linear protein nanomotors. The three known families of protein nanomotors kinesin, dynein and myosin are multi-protein complexes and share a variety of important features. They are responsible for various dynamical processes for transporting single molecules over small distances to cell movement and growth. Our reviewing from the mechanism, regulation and co-ordination of linear nanomotors, indicate that the majority of active transport in the cell is driven by linear protein nanomotors. All of them convert the chemical energy into mechanical work directly rather than via an intermediate energy. Linear protein nanomotors are self-guiding systems. They have evolved to enable movement on their polymer filaments, either on cellular or supra-cellular levels and are able to recognise the direction of movement. Moreover, each class of nanomotor has different properties, but in the cell they are known to cooperate and even to compete with each others during their function. We have also reviewed the potential application of linear protein nanomotors. According to this, we predict that linear protein nanomotors may enable the creation of a new class of nanotechnology-based applications; for example, bio-nanorobots, molecular machines, nanomechanical devices and drug deliver systems. Thus, protein nanomotors field is very challenging field and is attracting a diverse group of researchers keen to find more.

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Carbon Filaments and Nanotubes: Common Origins, Differing Applications?

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Carbon filament, vapor grown carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes have been discovered to have remarkable properties, opening they way for their use in intriguing and novel applications in electronics, chemistry and materials science. There are many similarities between nanotubes and filaments, leading many researchers to critically compare the two materials, their production, and potential applications. The two materials are compared and contrasted in depth in the present book, which is a comprehensive review of current research activity, growth mechanisms, physical properties, industrial production, and applications. The structures are discussed using a unified approach, which helps to compare growth mechanisms, contrasting morphological differences, and detailing how novel properties depend on such differences.

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