Giant Magneto-Resistance Devices

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This book deals with the application of giant magneto-resistance (GMR) effects to electronic devices. It will appeal to engineers and graduate students in the fields of electronic devices and materials. The main subjects are magnetic sensors with high resolution and magnetic read heads with high sensitivity, required for hard-disk drives with recording densities of several gigabytes. Another important subject is novel magnetic random-access memories (MRAM) with non-volatile non-destructive and radiation-resistant characteristics. Other topics include future GMR devices based on bipolar spin transistors, spin field-effect transistors (FETs) and double-tunnel junctions.

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BISMUTH TELLURIDE FOR THERMOELECTRIC APPLICATIONS: ENERGY HARVESTING AND THERMOELECTRIC COOLING OF GMR NANOWIRES

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Thermoelectric conversion has been an active research area from the past decade, with potential applications in electric generation from waste heat and thermoelectric cooling. This book presents insights into the electrodeposition and thermoelectric characterization of BiTe (bismuth telluride) thermoelectric thin films and nanowires. Also, for the first time, the novel idea of using BiTe nanowires for thermoelectric cooling of giant magneto resistance (GMR) nanowires is reported. Along with the fundamentals of thermoelectric phenomenon, a review of various bulk and low dimensional thermoelectric materials, which are currently under investigation by several research groups, is presented. Hence, this book can serve as a starting point to researchers as well as to the students interested in the field of thermoelectrics.

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ELECTRODEPOSITION OF MAGNETIC NANOWIRES AND NANOTUBES: ELECTRODEPOSITION OF Multilayered CoNiFe/Cu Nanowires and Nanotubes for Giant Magneto Resistance Sensing

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The current perpendicular to the plane giant magneto- resistance (CPP)-(GMR) effect makes multilayered nanowires of huge interest as magnetic sensor materials. In addition to the cost-effectiveness, electrodeposition is one of the few methods that can overcome the geometrical restrictions of inserting metals into very deep nanometric recesses, making it the favored method for nanowire and nanotube fabrication. In this work, the quaternary FeCoNiCu alloy system was investigated in order to electrodeposit multilayered nanowires/nanotubes for GMR effect. The choice of CoNiFeCu quaternary system allows the flexibility to optimize the magnetic property (GMR) by varying deposit composition. Layer thicknesses were controlled and varied for commercially viable GMR results. Greater than 10 % GMR, at room temperature and at small magnetic fields (< 0.5 Tesla), is reported for the first time in CoNiCu/Cu and CoNiFeCu/Cu nanowires. CoNiCu nanotubes were also fabricated for the first time. Conditions for electrodepositing multilayered nanotubes that exhibit GMR has been established and is a pioneering effort in the field.

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