Giant Magneto-Resistance Devices

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This book deals with the application of giant magneto-resistance (GMR) effects to electronic devices. It will appeal to engineers and graduate students in the fields of electronic devices and materials. The main subjects are magnetic sensors with high resolution and magnetic read heads with high sensitivity, required for hard-disk drives with recording densities of several gigabytes. Another important subject is novel magnetic random-access memories (MRAM) with non-volatile non-destructive and radiation-resistant characteristics. Other topics include future GMR devices based on bipolar spin transistors, spin field-effect transistors (FETs) and double-tunnel junctions.

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Nano-Optics and Near-Field Optical Microscopy

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Developments in nanoscience, biotechnology and photonics are on the verge of offering great opportunities for the exploration of optical interactions at the nanoscale. Today, there is an ever-increasing need for optical imaging tools that are able to resolve features at the length-scales relevant for biological cells, molecules, and complexes, as well as for the rapidly developing class of materials known as nanostructures. Addressing this need, this groundbreaking book serves as a one-stop review of modern nano-optical and nano-imaging techniques, applications, and developments. It focuses on near-field microscopy which has opened up optical processes at the nanoscale for direct inspection. This frontline resource helps researchers and engineers achieve high resolution optical imaging of biological species and functional materials. The book also offers detailed coverage of the imaging of optical device operation and new nanophotonics functionalities.

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Magnetotransport in novel low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials

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Several novel low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials, scilicet graphene mono- and bilayers, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and SWNTs filled with Dy@C82 endohedral metallofullerenes (metallofullerene peapods), were investigated by electrical magnetotransport measurements at low temperatures in external magnetic fields of different orientations. The highlights of this study are that for both SWNTs and metallofullerene peapods, significant negative magnetoresistance (approx. 8 to 14 %) could be observed for axially oriented magnetic fields in some of the samples, where this effect vanished for the perpendicular magnetic field orientation. Other nanotubes did not show this effect at all. We assign the clearly different magnetotransport of the nanotubes in the parallel magnetic field configuration to different chiralities. Moreover, height undulations of the differential conductance Coulomb blockade peaks of SWNTs accompanied by shifts of the respective peak positions along the gate voltage direction were observed. Great importance was attached to combining the magnetotransport measurements with further investigations as high-resolution TEM or AFM on the very same sample.

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Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance

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Technology is becoming molecularly precise. Nanotechnology, otherwise known as molecular engineering, will soon create effective machines as small as DNA. This capacity to manipulate matter — to program matter — with atomic precision will utterly change the economic, ecological, and cultural fabric of our lives. This book, which is accessible to a broad audience while providing references to the technical literature, presents a wide range of potential applications of this new material technology. The first chapter introduces the basic concepts of molecular engineering and demonstrates that several mutually reinforcing trends in current research are leading directly into a world of surprisingly powerful molecular machines. Nine original essays on specific applications follow the introductory chapter. The first section presents applications of nanotechnology that interact directly with the molecular systems of the human body. The second presents applications that function, for the most part, outside the body. The final section details the mechanisms of a universal human-machine interface and the operation of an extremely high resolution display system.

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