Electrical detection of deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization based on carbon-nanotubes/nano zirconium dioxide/chitosan-modified electrodes

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This digital document is a journal article from Analytica Chimica Acta, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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A novel and sensitive electrochemical DNA biosensor based on nanoparticles ZrO”2 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) for DNA immobilization and enhanced hybridization detection is described. The MWNTs/nano ZrO”2/chitosan-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated and oligonucleotides were immobilized to the GCE. The hybridization reaction on the electrode was monitored by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis using electroactive daunomycin as an indicator. Compared with previous DNA sensors with oligonucleotides directly incorporated on carbon electrodes, this carbon nanotube-based assay with its large surface area and good charge-transport characteristics increased DNA attachment quantity and complementary DNA detection sensitivity. The response signal increases linearly with the increase of the logarithm of the target DNA concentration in the range of 1.49×10^-^1^0 to 9.32×10^-^8molL^-^1 with the detection limit of 7.5×10^-^1^1molL^-^1 (S/N=3). The linear regression equation is I=32.62+3.037logC”D”N”A (molL^-^1) with a correlation coefficient value of 0.9842. This is the first application of carbon nanotubes combined with nano ZrO”2 to the fabrication of an electrochemical DNA biosensor with a favorable performance for the rapid detection of specific hybridization.

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Safe Nanotechnology in the Workplace

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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the Federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations to prevent work-related injury, illness, and death. As such, NIOSH is active in identifying critical issues related to possible health hazards of nanomaterials, protecting the safety and health of workers involved in this emerging technology, implementing a strategic plan to develop and disseminate methods for safely advancing the technology through workplace controls and safe handling procedures, and investigating the possible applications of nanotechnology to solve workplace safety and health issues. Because of their small size and large surface area, engineered nanoparticles may have chemical, physical, and biological properties distinctly different from larger particles of similar chemical composition. Those properties may include the ability to reach the gas exchange regions of the lung, travel from the lung throughout the body, penetrate dermal barriers, cross cell membranes, and interact at the molecular level. NIOSH is investigating all of these properties, as it would with any new technology or material in the workplace, to provide the necessary guidance to ensure a safe and healthy workplace.

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Nanotechnology Research Directions: IWGN Workshop Report – Vision for Nanotechnology in the Next Decade

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This book documents recent dramatic breakthroughs and prospects for even more important future developments in a wide variety of fields and applications of science and technology related to `nanotechnology’, all involving the control of matter on the nanometer-length scale, that is, at the level of atoms, molecules, and supramolecular structures. As the twenty-first century unfolds, nanotechnology’s impact on the health, wealth, and security of the world’s people is expected to be at least as significant as the combined influences in this century of antibiotics, the integrated circuit, and human-made polymers. The book covers fundamental scientific issues for nanotechnology and reviews progress in the development of the necessary tools for nanotechnology research and applications (e.g. theory, modeling and simulation, experimental methods, and instruments such as scanning probe microscopes). It also surveys a wide variety of current and potential application areas of nanotechnology, including: dispersions, coatings, and large surface area structures; nanodevices, nanoelectronics, and nanosensors; materials science and applications of bulk nanostructured materials with novel properties; biology, medicine, and healthcare; and energy, chemicals, and environmental science. The book incorporates the views of leading experts from U.S. government, academia, and the private sector. It reflects the consensus reached at a workshop held in January 1999, and detailed in contributions submitted thereafter by members of the U.S. science and engineering community. It describes challenges that are posed and opportunities that are offered by nanotechnology and outlines the steps that must be taken in order for humanity to benefit from the advances that are envisioned. This emphasizes three crucial areas: developing a balanced research and development infrastructure, advancing critical research areas, and nurturing the scientific and technical workforce of the next century.

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Nanosys Announces Promising Results With Its Gecko-Inspired Drug Delivery Device

Nanosys, Inc. announced today the results of their initial studies using a novel silicon nanowire mucous membrane drug delivery device. These devices have a nano-structured surface that relies on adhesive properties known in physics as van der Waals forces of adhesion. Results of initial studies published this week in the American Chemical Society’s Nano Letters, outline the device’s ability to significantly improve drug delivery to mucous membranes such as those in the nose, intestine, eyes, vagina and mouth.

Mucous membranes have long been a target for drug delivery due to their large surface area and rich blood supply. However, nature has designed these membranes to also be efficient barriers to foreign substance penetration, such as drugs. Mucus, which is constantly produced by these tissues, is moved across the surface by tiny beating hair-like structures called cilia. Removal of a substance floating in the mucus of the nasal cavity can be as fast as ten minutes, for example. Previous attempts at overcoming this barrier function relied on chemical modification of the delivery vehicle to better adhere to binding elements within the mucus. Nanosys’s silicon nanowires will adhere instead to the cells underneath the mucus, the actual targets for drug delivery. This critical feature allows for a longer residence time, improved local concentrations and better absorption of target drugs by the tissues.

The team, led by Hugh Daniels at Nanosys and Tejal Desai and Kayte Fischer at the University of California, San Francisco, also quantified the amount of mucosal shear force the silicon nanowire-based devices could withstand before being eliminated, and demonstrated it to be at least 100-fold better than a non-silicon nanowire device.

“In the near term, there are a lot of chronic conditions of the nose, sinuses and other tissues that could immediately benefit from more efficient delivery of currently available drugs using our silicon nanowire drug delivery technology. We are also excited about the longer term potential of delivery of systemic drugs such as insulin via the mucous membrane route,” said Dr. Daniels. In addition, silicon nanowires are inexpensive to make and are biocompatible. Nanosys expects to develop the technology further in partnership with drug manufacturers whose drugs could be made more effective through this delivery approach.

About Nanosys, Inc.

Nanosys, Inc. is a leader in the development of nanotechnology-enabled products utilizing high performance inorganic nanostructures. Nanosys has built one of the broadest technology platforms in the industry with over 650 patents and patent applications covering fundamental areas of nanotechnology. Based in Palo Alto, California and privately held, Nanosys collaborates with industry leaders to develop revolutionary high-value, high-performance products for life sciences, computing, optoelectronics, renewable energy, and defense. Additional information on Nanosys can be found on its website at www.nanosysinc.com.