Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids

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Robots, androids, and bionic people pervade popular culture, from classics like Frankenstein and R.U.R. to modern tales such as The Six Million Dollar Man, The Terminator, and A.I. Our fascination is obvious – and the technology is quickly moving from books and films to real life.

In a lab at MIT, scientists and technicians have created an artificial being named COG. To watch COG interact with the environment – to recognize that this machine has actual body language – is to experience a hair-raising, gut-level reaction. Because just as we connect to artificial people in fiction, the merest hint of human-like action or appearance invariably engages us.

Digital People examines the ways in which technology is inexorably driving us to a new and different level of humanity. As scientists draw on nanotechnology, molecular biology, artificial intelligence, and materials science, they are learning how to create beings that move, think, and look like people. Others are routinely using sophisticated surgical techniques to implant computer chips and drug-dispensing devices into our bodies, designing fully functional man-made body parts, and linking human brains with computers to make people healthier, smarter, and stronger.

In short, we are going beyond what was once only science fiction to create bionic people with fully integrated artificial components – and it will not be long before we reach the ultimate goal of constructing a completely synthetic human-like being.

It seems quintessentially human to look beyond our natural limitations. Science has long been the lens through which we squint to discern our future. Although we are rightfully fearful about manipulating the boundaries between animate and inanimate, the benefits are too great to ignore. This thoughtful and provocative book shows us just where technology is taking us, in directions both wonderful and terrible, to ponder what it means to be human.

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MOLECULAR MODELING OF AL-FE2O3 NANOMATERIAL SYSTEM: Nanocrystalline Material Deformation and Shock Wave Propagation Analyses

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One of the recent advances in materials science has focused on developing materials that have two or more crystalline systems mixed at the nanoscale. Until now, the development and the analyses of such materials have primarily been experimental. In the current research, a framework based on classical molecular dynamics (MD) is developed for analyzing deformation mechanisms in nanostructural materials consisting of more than one crystalline system. The material system of focus is a combination of fcc-Al and ?-Fe2O3. The framework includes the development of an interatomic potential, a scalable parallel MD code, nanocrystalline composite structures, and methodologies for the quasistatic and dynamic strength analyses. The framework is applied to analyze the nanoscale mechanical behavior of the Al+Fe2O3 material system in two different settings. First, quasistatic strength analyses of nanocrystalline composites with average grain sizes varying from 3.9 nm to 7.2 nm are performed. Second, shock wave propagation analyses in single crystalline Al, Fe2O3, and one of their interfaces are carried out.

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Nanoindentation

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As the focus in materials science shifts towards designing materials at the sub-micron scale – the

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Nanoscience: The Science of the Small in Physics, Engineering, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine

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Emerged during the last two decades, nanoscience stands out for its interdisciplinarity. Barriers between disciplines seem to disappear at the convergence of the very small, where basic principles and tools are universal. Novel properties are inherent to nanosized systems due to a quantum effects and a reduction in dimensionality: nanoscience is likely to revolutionize many areas of human activity, such as materials science, nanoelectronics, information processing, biotechnology and medicine. This textbook spans over all fields of nanoscience, covering its broad applications. After a sound introduction to the physical and chemical principles of nanoscience, the text then moves onto the wider fields of microscopy, nanoanalysis, synthesis, nanocrystals, nanowires, nanolayers, carbon nanostructures, bulk nanomaterials, nanomechanics, nanophotonics, nanofluidics, nanomagnetism, nanotechnology for computers, nanochemistry, nanobiology, and nanomedicine. Didactically structured and replete with hundreds of illustrations, this uniquely compiled textbook is aimed at graduate and advanced undergraduate students of all natural sciences.

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High-Resolution Electron Microscopy

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The discovery of the Nanotube in 1991 by electron microscopy ha ushered in the era of Nanoscience. The atomic-resolution electron microscope has been a crucial tool in this effort. This book gives the basic theoretical background needed to understand how electron microscopes allow us to see atoms, togeher with highly practical advice for electron microscope operators. The book covers the usefulness of seeing atoms in the semiconductor industry, in materials science and condensed matter physics. Biologists have recently used the atomic-resolution electron microscope to obtain three-dimensional images of the Ribosome, work wihich is covered in this book. The book also shows how the ability to see atomic arrangements has helped us understand the properties of matter. This new third edition of the standard text retains the early sections on the fundamentals of electron optics, linear imaging theory with partial coherence and multiple-scattering theory. Also preserved are updated earlier sections on practical methods, with detailed step-by-step accounts of the procedures needed to obtain the highest quality images of the arrangement of atoms in thin crystals using a modern electron microscope. Sources of software for image interpretation and electron-optical design are also given.

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