Gas sensing and Electrical Properties of Metal oxide Nanostructures: Nanostructures, Synthesis, sensors, sensing mechanism, LEDs, FETs, Carbon nanotubes, graphene, Supercapacitors

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In the last few years, a little word has attracted enormous attention, and investigation from all over the world. The word is ?nano?. What it presents in terms of science and technology, which are also called nanoscience and nanotechnology, is much more than just a word describing a specific length scale. It has dramatically changed every aspect of the way we think in science and technology and will certainly bring more and more surprises into our daily life as well as into the world of the future. This thesis consists of four parts of which Part-1 gives a brief overview of the synthesis, properties and applications of nanomaterials. Part-2 deals with the synthesis and characterization of different nanostructures of metal oxides and a detailed study of their gas sensing characteristics. Part-3 of the thesis contains results of studies on the electrical properties and hydrogen-sensing characteristics of field effect transistors (FETs) based on nanorods of ZnO and WO2.72. Part-4 of the thesis deals with the supercapacitive behavior of RuO2 and IrO2 functionalized mesoporous carbon and results of studies on the interaction of SWNTs with electron donor and acceptor molecules.

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Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents: Synthesis, Formation, Assembly and Application

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The synthesis of nanoparticles with control over particle size, shape, and crystalline structure, has long been one of the main objectives in chemistry – and yet these materials are only beginning to be used in nanotechnology. Metal oxides play a significant role in many fields of technology including catalysis, sensing, energy storage and conversion, and electroceramics. It is expected that they could show enhanced or even new properties at the nanoscale. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents discusses recent advances in the chemistry involved for the controlled synthesis and assembly of metal oxide nanoparticles, the characterizations required by such nanoobjects, and their size and shape depending properties.

Innovative strategies have to be developed to allow good control from the molecular precursor to the final product at low processing temperatures. In the last few years, a valuable alternative to the well-known aqueous sol-gel processes was developed in the form of nonaqueous solution routes, which can roughly be divided into two methodologies; namely surfactant- and solvent-controlled preparation routes. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents reviews and compares surfactant- and solvent-controlled routes, as well as providing an overview of the most important techniques for the characterization of metal oxide nanoparticles, crystallization pathways, the physical properties of metal oxide nanoparticles, their applications in diverse fields of technology, and their assembly into larger nano- and mesostructures.

Researchers and postgraduates in the fields of nanomaterials and sol-gel chemistry will appreciate this book’s informative approach to chemical formation mechanisms in relation to metal oxides.

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Nanoparticles Synthesis, Stabillization, Passivation and Functionalization

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Recent advances in the synthesis, stabilization, passivation and functionalization of a wide range of metal, metal oxide, semiconductor and other inorganic, polymer, organic, carbon and biological nanoparticles are reported in this book. Diverse shapes of nanoparticles are discussed here including spheres, cubes, nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, nanocapsules, and nanopyramids. In the section on metals, one can find description of colloidal and wet chemical approaches to synthesize nanoparticles, methods to control number of functional groups and to attain aqueous dispersibility, impact of stabilizers on SERS activity, and ways to tune plasmon resonance via nanoparticle shapes. A time dependent density functional theory to evaluate adsorption properties of passivating ligands is also developed. The section on metal oxides describes surfactant aided formation and stabilization of iron oxide nanoparticles, the synthesis of titania nanotubes, and a hydrothermal condensation method to prepare nanowires of vanadium pentoxide. The section on semiconductor and inorganic nanoparticles includes details of the preparation of quantum dot surfactants as Langmuir Blodgett films, the synthesis of fluorinated organics silica composite nanoparticles, the kinetics of silver sulfide nanoparticle formation, the preparation of ultra bright silica nanoparticles and of nanoporous membranes from silica nanoparticle crystalline films, and a comprehensive view of microwave synthesis methods. The section on polymeric nanoparticles describes a ligand exchange strategy to synthesize polymer functionalized ferromagnetic nanoparticles, ROMP polymerization to produce polymer overlayers on nanoparticles, colloidal approaches to polysaccharide covered nanoparticles, and self assembly approach to stable polymer nanoparticles of controlled size. The final section includes a novel method to crystallize organic nanorods as branches on semiconductor nanoparticles, the use of tobacco mosaic virus as a template to prepare composite nanofibers, the synthesis of antibody functionalized gold nanorods of various aspect ratios for SPR based biosensing, and methods to stabilize aqueous dispersions of single wall carbon nanotubes using gamma cyclodextrins. In a fast growing field, this book offers both the beginning and advanced researchers, important details on creating nanomaterials and fruitful directions to follow.

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Nano Science and Technology: Novel Structures and Phenomena

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Nanoscience and technology is a rapidly developing area of research in physics, chemistry and materials. This volume is comprised of papers presented at the Advanced Study Institute in Hong Kong and is a timely pubication of developments in novel structures in phenomena of nanostructured materials. The topics include:

* two dimensional nanoclusters on metal surfaces
* quantum dynamics of coupled quantum-dot qubits and dephasing effects induced by measurements
* coating of metal oxides onto surface of mesoporous silicas
* synthesis of boron nitride nanotube array

The volume is a useful source of reference for postgraduates, professionals and researchers in nanoscience and technology.

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Nanoscale Processes on Insulating Surfaces

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Ionic crystals are among the simplest structures in nature. They can be easily cleaved in air and in vacuum, and the resulting surfaces are atomically flat on areas hundreds of nanometers wide. With the development of scanning probe microscopy, these surfaces have become an ideal playground to investigate several phenomena occurring on the nanometer scale. This book focuses on the fundamental studies of atomically resolved imaging, nanopatterning, metal deposition, molecular self-assembling and nanotribological processes occurring on ionic crystal surfaces. Here, a significant variety of structures are created by nanolithography, annealing and irradiation by electrons, ions or photons, and are used to confine metal particles and organic molecules or to improve our basic understanding of friction and wear on the atomic scale. Metal oxides with wide band gap are also discussed. Altogether, the results obtained so far will have an undoubted impact on the future development of nanoelectronics and nanomechanics.

• Crystal Structures of Insulating Surfaces
• Preparation Techniques of Insulating Surfaces
• Scanning Probe Microscopy in Ultra High Vacuum
• Scanning Probe Microscopy on Bulk Insulating Surfaces
• Scanning Probe Micrscopy on thin Insulating Films
• Interaction of Ions, Electrons and Photons with Halide Surfaces
• Surface Patterning with Electrons and Photons
• Surface Patterning with Ions
• Metal Deposition on Insulating Surfaces
• Organic Molecules on Insulating Surfaces
• Scanning Probe Spectroscopy on Insulating Surfaces
• Nanotribology on Insulating Surfaces
• Nanomanipulation on Insulating Surfaces

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