Ibm [Nyse: Ibm] Breaks World Record For Solar Efficiency

Solar cells that do not have the expensive elements mentioned usually have an efficiency that doesn’t surpass 6.7 percent. Other than bein g more efficient, the new IBM solar cell is also cheaper in terms of printing costs, slit casting, and dip and spray coating because it uses a mix of solution and nanoparticle-based method in place of the old vacuum method. IBM lead researcher Dr. David Mitzi said that IBM is close to developing solar technology that is cost-effective while at the same time has the capacity to deploy at terawatt level. IBM scientists use a large lens for concentrating the sun’s power – a technology known as concentrator photovoltaics or CPV– to convert sunlight into 70 watts of electricity. IBM’s output is said to be five times the electrical power density produced by other solar farms using CPV technology. In 2008, IBM developed the concentrating photovoltaic technology with the aim to reduce the cost of producing solar energy by using less photovoltaic cells in a solar farm and concentrating more light onto each cell using larger lenses. IBM’s strategy comes from its capacity to cool the tiny solar cell and to concentrate the equivalent of 2000 suns on a small area for melting stainless steel. IBM also uses its technology for cooling computer chips which had enabled solar cells to cool from greater than 1600 degrees Celsius to just 85 degrees Celsius. IBM has also developed a system that achieved breakthrough results by combining a commercial solar cell with an advanced IBM liquid metal thermal cooling system using microprocessor industry methods. The melted liquid metal –called thermal interface layer– is applied between the chip and the cooling block so that heat may be transferred and chip temperature may be kept low. The technology, which was developed by IBM originally to cool high power computer chips, gives an excellent thermal performance at a low cost. CPV technology has the capacity to provide the lowest-cost solar electricity for large-scale power generation, as long as the temperature of the cells are kept low and cost-effective optics can be developed for concentrating the light to high levels. Aside from photovoltaic research, IBM is also involved in energy efficient technology and services, advanced water management, carbon management, intelligent transportation systems and intelligent utility systems. IBM Research lead photovoltaics scientist Dr. Supratik Guha said that he believes IBM can supply knowledge from their extensive experience in semiconductors and nanotechnology to the field of alternative energy research.

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Nanotechnology And Photovoltaics Trends & Market Potential

Nanotechnology, shortened to “Nanotech”, is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.

Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.

Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time.

Photovoltaic (PV) is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells for energy by converting sun energy (sunlight or sun ultra violet radiation) directly into electricity. Due to the growing demand for clean sources of energy, the manufacture of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has expanded dramatically in recent years.

The coming together of these two technologies has become the talk of the town lately.

This report looks at how nanotechnology is changing the field of photovoltaic innovation.
From the basics of nanotech to the basics of photovoltaic, this report looks at how nanotech is making possible new developments in the solar PV industry.

Table Of Contents :

Executive Summary 5

What You Need to Know about Nanotechnology 6
Introduction 6
History of Nanotechnology 6
Basic Concept 10
What are Nanomaterials? 10
What is Molecular Self-Assembly? 11
Molecular Nanotechnology 11
Techniques Utilized in Nanotechnology 13
Applications of Nanotechnology 15
Medicine 15
Chemistry and the Environment 16
Energy 17
IT and Communications 17
Consumer Goods 18
Aerospace 18
Constructions 19
Implications of Nanotechnology 19
Health and Safety in Terms of Nanoparticles 19
Environmental Issues 20

What You Need to Know about Photovoltaics 22
Introduction 22
Present-Day Industry Overview 23
Global Market 23
Applications of PV 24
Stand Alone PV Systems 25
Photovoltaic Power Station 25
PV in Buildings 26
Photovoltaics with Battery Storage 27
Concept of PV Storage 27
Rural Electrification 28
Connecting Generators with PV 28
Utilities with a Grid-Connected PV System 28
Hybrid Power Systems 30
Distributed Generation and PV 30
Economics of PV 31
Financial Incentives for PV 32
Environmental Impacts 34
Advantages and Disadvantages of PV 34

Nanotech and PV 37
Use of Nanotechnology in the Energy Industry 37
Nanotechnology and Solar Power 40
Nanolayers in Stack Cells 43
Quantum Dots for Solar Cells 43
New Materials for Photovoltaics 44

Research in Nanotechnology Usage in PV 46

Major Players 50
Nanosolar 50
NanoGram 52
HelioVolt Corporation 53
Konarka Technologies, Inc 54
SunFlake AS 56

Appendix 58

Glossary 65

List of Figures and Tables

Figures

Figure 1: Hybrid Power Systems 30
Figure 2: Diagram of a Nano Solar Cell 41
Figure 3: Processability of Nanomaterials (High Productivity Possible through Printing
Processes) 44
Figure 4: Activity and Diversity of Top 10 Countries in Nanotechnology Thin-film Solar
Cells Publications 49
Figure 5: Parabolic Trough 58
Figure 6: Central Receiver or Solar Tower 58
Figure 7: Parabolic Dish 59
Figure 8: Photovoltaic Roof System 59
Figure 9: Cost of PV to Consumers and Manufacturing Shipments 60
Figure 10: A Schematic Arrangement of a PV Cell 60
Figure 11: Solar Parabolic Trough System Combined with Fossil Fuel Firing to Generate
Electrical Power 61
Figure 12: Arrangement of a Central Receiver Solar Thermal System 61
Figure 13: A Solar Pond Arrangement 61
Figure 14: Integrated Solar/Combined Cycle System (ISCC) 63

Tables

Table 1: Some Examples of Clean Technologies 38
Table 2: Early Solar Thermal Power Plants 62
Table 3: Comparison of Solar Thermal Power Technologies 63
Table 4: Cost Reductions in Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plants 63

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