Processing of Particulate Solids

Processing of Particulate Solids

Over half of the products of the chemical and process industries are sold in a particulate form. The range of such products is vast: from agrochemicals to pigments, from detergents to foods, from plastics to pharmaceuticals. However, surveys of the performance of processes designed to produce particulate products have consistently shown inadequate design and poor reliability. `Particle technology’ is a new subject facing new challenges. Chemical and process engineering is becoming less concerned with the design of plants to produce generic simple chemicals (which are often single phase fluids) and is now more concerned with speciality `effect’ chemicals which may often be in particulate form. Chemical and process engineers are also being recruited in increasing numbers into areas outside their tranditional fields, such as the food industry, pharmaceuticals and the manufacture of a wide variety of consumer products. This book has been written to meet their needs. It provides comprehensive coverage of the technology of particulate solids, in a form which is both accessible and concise enough to be useful to engineering and science students in the final year of an undergraduate degree, and at Master’s level. Although it was written with students of chemical engineering in mind, it will also be of use and interest to students of other disciplines. It comprises an account of the fundamentals of teh subject, illustrated by worked examples, and followed by a wide range of selected applications.

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Basic Aspects of the Quantum Theory of Solids: Order and Elementary Excitations

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Aimed at graduate students and researchers, this book covers the key aspects of the modern quantum theory of solids, including up-to-date ideas such as quantum fluctuations and strong electron correlations. It presents in the main concepts of the modern quantum theory of solids, as well as a general description of the essential theoretical methods required when working with these systems. Diverse topics such as general theory of phase transitions, harmonic and anharmonic lattices, Bose condensation and superfluidity, modern aspects of magnetism including resonating valence bonds, electrons in metals, and strong electron correlations are treated using unifying concepts of order and elementary excitations. The main theoretical tools used to treat these problems are introduced and explained in a simple way, and their applications are demonstrated through concrete examples.

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Creep Mechanics

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Provides a short survey of recent advances in the mathematical modelling of the mechanical behavior of anisotropic solids under creep conditions, including principles, methods, and applications of tensor functions. Some examples for practical use are discussed, as well as experiments by the author to test the validity of the modelling. The monograph offers an overview of other experimental investigations in creep mechanics. Rules for specifying irreducible sets of tensor invariants, scalar coefficients in constitutive and evolutional equations, and tensorial interpolation methods are also explained.

The second edition includes a CD-ROM containing the examples and algorithms in more detail and the appendant figures in color. The text has been re-examined and improved throughout.

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Excitations in Organic Solids

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During the last decade our expertise in nanotechnology has advanced considerably. The possibility of incorporating in the same nanostructure different organic and inorganic materials has opened up a promising field of research, and has greatly increased the interest in the study of properties of excitations in organic materials. In this book not only the fundamentals of Frenkel exciton and polariton theory are described, but also the electronic excitations and electronic energy transfers in quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dots, at surfaces, at interfaces, in thin films, in multilayers, and in microcavities. Among the new topics in the book are those devoted to the optics of hybrid Frenkel-Wannier-Mott excitons in nanostructures, polaritons in organic microcavities including hybrid organic-inorganic microcavities, new concepts for organic light emitting devices, the mixing of Frenkel and charge-transfer excitons in organic quasi one-dimensional crystals, excitons and polaritons in one and two-dimensional crystals, surface electronic excitations, optical biphonons, and Fermi resonances by polaritons. All new phenomena described in the book are illustrated by available experimental observations.

The book will be useful for scientists working in the field of photophysics and photochemistry of organic solids (for example, organic light-emitting devices and solar cells), and for students who are entering this field. It is partly based on a book by the author written in 1968 – “Theory of Excitons” – in Russian. However the new book includes only 5 chapters from this version, all of which have been updated. The 10 new chapters contain discussions of new phenomena, their theory and their experimental observations.

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Electron Beam Modification of Solids: Mechanisms, Common Features and Promising Applications

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The effect of electron beam treatment upon various materials (oxides, sulfides, ceramics, polymers) is studied to clarify the general features of chemical reactions involving surface functional groups in correlation with the processing parameters and optimise the potential applications of electron beam technologies. Particularly, pre-treatment with accelerated electrons under the optimal conditions provides: control of the surface functionality (ratios between various types of Lewis and Brensted sites); improvement of the properties of cements using electron beam modification of fillers and aqueous phase; enhancement of ceramic materials strength by their electron beam modification of fillers and aqueous phase; increase of sorbents activity by electron beam activation to form specific adsorption sites; improvement of ZnS based electroluminescent phosphors due to the modification of their components and raw materials; and, control of the surface properties of polymers such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) affording their compatibility with other materials. The mechanisms responsible for electron beam induced surface chemical transformations in solids depending on electron beam processing parameters and common features of these reactions for different compounds are revealed on the basis of a thorough surface functionality analysis. The considered data are confirmed by theoretical simulations and supported by the overview of the modern equipment for electron beam processing.

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