Sculptured Thin Films: Nanoengineered Morphology and Optics
May 15, 2010 by AboutNanoWires.com · Leave a Comment
Product Description
Sculptured thin films (STFs) are a class of nanoengineered materials with properties that can be designed and realized in a controllable manner using physical vapor deposition. This text, presented as a short course at the SPIE Optical Science and Technology Symposium, couples detailed knowledge of thin-film morphology with the optical response characteristics of STF devices. An accompanying CD contains Mathematica (TM) programs for use with the presented formalisms. Thus, readers will learn to design and engineer STF materials and devices for future applications, particularly with optical applications. Graduate students in optics and practicing optical engineers will find the text valuable, as well as those interested in emerging nanotechnologies for optical devices.
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Optical Near Fields: Introduction to Classical and Quantum Theories of Electromagnetic Phenomena at the Nanoscale
May 12, 2010 by AboutNanoWires.com · Leave a Comment
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Using the thin film of light, the optical near field, that is localized on the surface of a nanometric material has removed the diffraction limit as a barrier to imaging on the nano- and atomic scales. But a paradigm shift in the concepts of optics and optical technology is required to understand the instrinsic nature of the near fields and how best to exploit them. Professors Ohstu and Kobayashi crafted Optical Near Fields on the basis of their hypothesis that the full potential for utilizing optical near fields can be realized only with novel nanometric processing, functions, and manipulation, i.e., by controlling the intrinsic interaction between nanometer-sized optical near fields and material systems, and further, atoms. The book presents physically intuitive concepts and theories for students, engineers, and scientists engaged in research in nanophotonics and atom photonics.
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Neutrons and Nanoscience
May 2, 2010 by AboutNanoWires.com · Leave a Comment
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Neutrons and Nanoscience offers a unique introduction to the use of neutron scattering methods to characterize and evaluate materials at the nanoscale, a technique of increasing value to materials research, condensed matter physics, biological physics and geosciences.
An instructional overview of nanoscience and nanomaterials, paired with the fundamentals and techniques of neutron scattering and instrumentation, provides readers with an authoritative background applicable to a wide scope of scientific disciplines. Applications for thin film magnetism, biomembrane nanoscience, and the nanostructure studies of metals, ceramics and polymers are covered. Analytical treatment of the nano-bio interface, neutrons, photons, and geo-nanoscience complete this up-to-date reference, while providing an informative perspective of neutron capabilities in the future.
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Machining with Nanomaterials
May 1, 2010 by AboutNanoWires.com · Leave a Comment
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“Machining with Nanomaterials” focuses on the application of thin film nanostructures to the solution of machining problems. The solution to machining materials in an environmentally conscious manner is to use newly developed thin film superlattice layer coatings that provide a means to eliminate the use of flood cooling and the associated peripheral equipment. The practical significance of the development of these coatings is related to eliminating the need for cooling and lubrication by fluids and the need to machine at ever increasing cutting speeds. The effects of reducing tool life is a particular challenge in high speed machining, and this text explains how coatings can improve tool life, reduce machining costs, and machine in an environmentally acceptable way.
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Worldwide Nanotechnology Thin Film Lithium-Ion Battery Market Shares Strategies, And Forecasts, 2009-2015-Aarkstore Enterprise
April 29, 2010 by AboutNanoWires.com · Leave a Comment
Worldwide nanotechnology thin film lithium-ion batteries are poised to achieve significant growth as units become more able to achieve deliver of power to electric vehicles efficiently. Less expensive lithium-ion batteries allow leveraging economies of scale and proliferation of devices into a wide range of applications. According to Susan Eustis, lead author of the study, “Economies of scale leverage the lithium-ion battery nanotechnology advances needed to make lithium-ion batteries competitive. Nanotechnology provided by lithium-ion research solves the issues poised by the need to store renewable energy. Lithium-ion batteries switch price reductions are poised to drive market adoption by making units affordable.”
Nanotechnology results obtained in the laboratory are being translated into commercial products. The processes of translating the nanotechnology science into thin film lithium ion batteries are anticipated to be ongoing. The breakthroughs of science in the laboratory have only begun to be translated into life outside the lab, with a long way to go in improving the functioning of the lithium-ion batteries. Unlike any other battery technology, thin film solid-state batteries show very high cycle life. Using very thin cathodes (0.05µm) batteries have been cycled in excess of 45,000 cycles with very limited loss in capacity. After 45,000 cycles, 95% of the original capacity remained.
Then there is the problem of translating the evolving technology into manufacturing process. What this means is that the market will be very dynamic, with the market leaders continuously being challenged by innovators, large and small that develop more cost efficient units. Systems integration and manufacturing capabilities have developed a broad family of high-power lithium-ion batteries and battery systems. A family of battery products, combined with strategic partner relationships in the transportation, electric grid services and portable power markets, position vendors to address these markets for lithium-ion batteries.
Electric Vehicles depend on design, development, manufacture, and support of advanced, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Batteries provide a combination of power, safety and life. Next-generation energy storage solutions are evolving as commercially available batteries. Lithium-ion batteries will play an increasingly important role in facilitating a shift toward cleaner forms of energy.
Innovative approaches to materials science and battery engineering are available from a large number of very significant companies — GE, Panasonic Sanyo / Matsushita Industrial Co., Ltd., NEC, Saft, Toshiba, BYD / Berkshire Hathaway, LG Chem, Altair Nanotechnologies, Samsung, Sony, A123 Systems with MIT technology, and Altair Nanotechnologies.
Markets for lithium-ion batteries at $911 million in 2008 are anticipated to reach $9.1 billion by 2015, growing in response to decreases in unit costs and increases. Lithiumion batteries used in cell phones and PCs, and in cordless power tools are proving the technology. Units are shipped into military markets and are used in satellites, proving the feasibility of systems. Small, lithium-ion prismatic batteries prove the feasibility of this technology. The large emerging markets are for hybrid and electric vehicles powered by renewable energy systems.
Report Methodology
This is the 399th report in a series of market research reports that provide forecasts in communications, telecommunications, the internet, computer, software, and telephone equipment. The project leaders take direct responsibility for writing and preparing each report. They have significant experience preparing industry studies. Forecasts are based on primary research and proprietary data bases. Forecasts reflect analysis of the market trends in the segment and related segments. Unit and dollar shipments are analyzed through consideration of dollar volume of each market participation in the segment. Market share analysis includes conversations with key customers of products, industry segment leaders, marketing directors, distributors, leading market participants, and companies seeking to develop measurable market share. Over 200 in-depth interviews are conducted for each report with a broad range of key participants and opinion leaders in the market segment.
Table of Contents :
Thin Film Lithium Ion Battery Executive Summary ES-1
Worldwide Nanotechnology Thin Film Lithium-Ion
Battery Market Driving Forces ES-1
Market Driving Forces ES-2
Nanotechnology Forms the Base for Lithium-Ion Batteries ES-7
Competitors ES-7
Lithium-Ion Battery Market Shares ES-7
Lithium-Ion Battery Market Forecasts ES-9
1. Thin Film Lithium Ion Battery
Market Description and Market Dynamics 1-1
1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Target Markets 1-1
1.1.1 Project Better Place and the Renault-Nissan Alliance 1-2
1.1.2 Largest Target Market, The Transportation Industry 1-3
1.1.3 Electric Grid Services Market 1-4
1.1.4 Portable Power Market, Power Tools 1-5
1.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Technologies Transportation
Industry Target Market 1-7
1.3 Energy Storage For Grid Stabilization 1-11
1.3.1 Local Energy Storage Benefit For Utilities 1-12
1.4 Applications Require On-Printed Circuit
Board Battery Power 1-13
1.4.1 Thin-film vs. Printed Batteries 1-13
1.5 Smart Buildings 1-14
1.5.1 Permanent Power for Wireless Sensors 1-16
1.6 Battery Safety / Potential Hazards 1-17
1.7 Thin Film Solid-State Battery Construction 1-18
1.8 Battery Is Electrochemical Device 1-20
1.9 Battery Depends On Chemical Energy 1-21
1.9.1 Characteristics Of Battery Cells 1-21
1.9.2 Batteries Are Designed Differently For Various Applications 1-23
2. Thin Film Lithium Ion Battery Market
Shares and Market Forecasts 2-1
2.1 Worldwide Nanotechnology Thin Film Lithium-Ion
Battery Market Driving Forces 2-1
2.1.1 Market Driving Forces 2-2
2.1.2 Nanotechnology Forms the Base for Lithium-Ion Batteries 2-7
2.1.3 Competitors 2-7
2.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Market Shares 2-7
2.2.1 ExxonMobil Affiliate in Japan / Tonen Chemical 2-10
2.3 Lithium-Ion Battery Market Forecasts 2-11
2.4 Electric Vehicle and Hybrid Vehicle Lithium-Ion
Battery Market Shares 2-14
2.4.1 BYD 2-16
2.4.2 Johnson Controls-Saft 2-16
2.4.3 Saft Battery Technologies 2-17
2.4.4 A123Systems 32 Series Automotive Class
Lithium Ion™ Cells: 2-17
2.4.5 NEC and Nissen 2-19
2.4.6 LG Chem 2-20
2.4.7 EnerDel 2-20
2.4.8 Competition 2-20
2.5 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Lithium-Ion
Battery Market Forecasts 2-21
2.5.1 Largest Target Market, The Transportation Industry 2-25
Thin Film Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery EV Market 2-27
Thin Film Lithium-Ion And Lithium Polymer Automotive Batteries 2-27
2.6 Thin-Film and Printed Batteries: On-Board
Solutions for Low-Power Electronics 2-29
2.6.1 Solicore Tiny Flat Battery 2-31
2.6.2 Thin-Film, Organic, and Printed Batteries:
On-Board Solutions for Low-Power Electronics 2-32
2.7 Cell Phone, Communications, And PC Lithium-Ion
Battery Technology Markets Discussion 2-33
2.7.1 Samsung SDI 2-33
2.7.2 BYD 2-33
2.7.3 Saft 2-33
2.7.4 Portable Power Competition 2-34
2.8 Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Portable Power
Market, Power Tools Market Shares 2-34
2.8.1 A123 Systems 2-36
2.9 Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Portable Power,
Power Tools Market Forecasts 2-37
2.10 Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Electric
Grid Services Markets 2-40
2.10.1 Electric Grid Services 2-42
2.11 Thin Film Lithium-Ion Battery Market Positioning 2-43
2.11.1 US And Its Allies Are Changing The Military Landscape 2-48
2.12 Digital Device Battery Forecasts 2-51
3. Thin Film Lithium-Ion Battery Product Description 3-1
3.1 A123 Systems 3-1
3.1.1 A123 Systems Lithium Ion Cell Construction
Based On A Dual Plate Tubular Design 3-4
3.1.2 A123Systems 32 Series Automotive Class
Lithium Ion™ Cells: 3-5
3.1.3 GM and A123Systems Co-Develop
Lithium-Ion Battery Cell for Chevrolet Volt 3-11
3.1.4 A123Systems / GE Production Contract for
Norewegian Think Electric Vehicles 3-12
3.1.5 A123Systems Patent for Nanophosphate™
Lithium Ion Battery Technology 3-14
3.2 LG Chem 3-15
3.2.1 LG Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Battery 3-15
3.2.2 LG Lithium-ion Polymer Battery 3-15
3.2.3 LG Lithium-ion Battery Prismatic Type 3-17
3.2.4 LG Chem 3-17
3.3 SAFT 3-18
3.3.1 Saft Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Batteries 3-18
3.3.2 Saft is Li-ion Batteries For Commercial
GEO Satellites to JSC ISS of Russia 3-19
3.3.3 Saft Contract To Power Hybrid Electric Mobile
Utility Systems From Titan Energy Development 3-21
3.3.4 Saft and ABB Develop New High Voltage Li-ion
Battery System 3-22
3.3.5 Saft Hybrid Battery Technology for Wisconsin Clean Energy 3-24
3.3.6 Saft High-Energy Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries For Raytheon 3-25
3.3.7 Saft Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Battery Backup Systems 3-25
3.3.8 Saft Energy Storage As A Key
Renewable Energy Enabling Technology 3-26
3.3.9 Saft / Solion Large Li-ion batteries 3-27
3.3.10 Saft Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide (Li-So2) Batteries 3-31
3.3.11 Saft Lithium Technologies 3-32
3.3.12 Saft Lithium-thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) 3-32
3.3.13 Lithium-thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) – LS/LST/LSG cell ranges 3-35
3.3.14 Saft Small LS/LST bobbin cells 3-36
3.3.15 Saft Large LS/T bobbin cells 3-38
3.3.16 Saft Lithium-Manganese Dioxide (Li-MnO2) 3-43
3.3.17 Saft Lithium-ion (Li-ion) 3-43
3.4 BYD 3-50
3.4.1 Warren Buffett Buys 10 Percent Stake In BYD
Chinese Battery Manufacturer 3-50
3.4.2 BYD Battery Expertise 3-52
3.5 Panasonic / Sanyo 3-53
3.6 Samsung 3-54
3.7 Ener1 / EnerDel 3-55
3.7.1 EnerDel Lithium-Ion Prismatic Design 3-56
3.7.2 EnerDel Addressing Market Demand for
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) 3-56
3.7.3 EnerDel 5Amp Battery Pack 3-60
3.8 Imara 3-60
3.9 ExxonMobil Affiliate in Japan / Tonen Chemical 3-62
3.9.1 Tonen Chemical Leading Supplier Of Separators
For Lithium Ion Batteries 3-63
3.10 NEC 3-63
3.10.1 Nissan and NEC Group 3-64
3.10.2 Nissan And NEC Joint Venture 3-65
3.10.3 NEC High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries
Employ A Compact Laminated Configuration 3-66
3.10.4 NEC / Nissan Low-Cost Lithium-Manganese Batteries 3-67
3.10.5 NEC Lamilion Energy 3-68
3.10.6 NEC Subaru 3-68
3.10.7 NEC Thin Film Battery Has Sixteen Modules
Consisting Of Twelve Cells, Serially Connected 3-69
3.10.8 NEC / Subaru Thin Film Battery Flat Shape 3-69
3.11 Sony 3-71
3.12 Matshushita Industrial Co., Ltd. (Panasonic) 3-73
3.12.1 Panasonic Lithium Batteries 3-74
3.12.2 Panasonic Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 3-75
3.13 E-One Moli Energy 3-79
3.13.1 Product Data Sheets 3-81
3.14 QuantumSphere 3-82
3.15 Solicore Ultra Thin-Film Battery 3-84
3.15.1 Solicore’s Flexion Lithium Polymer Batteries 3-86
3.15.2 Solicore Flexion Lithium Powered Cards 3-87
3.15.3 Solicore RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Devices 3-89
3.15.4 Solicore’s Flexion® Batteries Bluechip Million Unit Purchase 3-90
3.15.5 Solicore Supports Smart Cards 3-91
3.16 Cymbet EnerChip™ Solid-State, Rechargeable
Thin-Film Batteries 3-92
3.16.1 Cymbet Enerchip™ Sensors Support 3-94
3.17 Front Edge Technology 3-95
3.18 Excellatron Thin-Film Micro-Batteries 3-95
3.18.1 Contrast To Conventional Lithium Cells 3-95
3.18.2 Excellatron Market Advantage 3-97
3.18.3 Excellatron Battery Current State of the Art 3-99
3.18.4 Excellatron Battery Intrinsically Safe 3-101
3.18.5 High Temperature Performance of
Excellatron Thin Film Batteries 3-101
3.18.6 Excellatron Long Cycle Life 3-109
3.18.7 Excellatron Polymer Film Substrate for Thin Flexible Profile 3-111
3.18.8 Excellatron Unique Proprietary Passivation
Barrier and Packaging Solution 3-113
3.19 Front Edge 50,000 Prototypes Of Nanoenergy Batteries 3-117
3.19.1 Front Edge Technology (FET) 3-117
3.20 Infinite Power Solutions (IPS) Flexible Thin-Film Batteries 3-127
3.20.1 Infinite Power Solutions 3-129
3.21 Oak Ridge Micro-Energy 3-130
3.21.1 Oak Ridge Micro-Energy Thin Film Batteries 3-132
3.22 Energizer 3-132
3.22.1 Energizer Holdings 3-133
3.23 Valence 3-134
3.23.1 PVI for Valence’s U-Charge(R) XP Energy Storage Systems 3-134
3.23.2 Valence Lithium Phosphate 3-135
3.23.3 Valence Lithium Phosphate Stability and Dependability 3-137
3.23.4 Valence Safety Focus 3-137
3.23.5 Valence Lithium Phosphate Alternative to Lead-Acid 3-138
3.23.6 Valence Lithium Phosphate Storage and Run-Time 3-138
3.23.7 Valence Lithium Phosphate Safety and Maintenance Free 3-138
3.24 ITN Energy Systems 3-139
3.24.1 ITN Intelligent Processing, Sensors, & Controls: 3-142
3.24.2 ITN Control: 3-144
3.24.3 ITN Sensors 3-147
3.24.4 ITN Unique Sensors: X-Ray Fluorescence And
Parallel Detection Spectroscopic Ellipsometer 3-148
3.25 ULVAC 3-159
3.26 Intersil 3-159
4. Thin Film Lithium Ion Battery Technology 4-1
4.1 Vendor Lithium-ion Battery Strategy 4-1
4.1.1 Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Characteristics 4-2
4.2 Challenges in Battery Design 4-3
4.2.1 Advanced Lithium-ion Batteries Requirements 4-7
4.3 Vendor Lithium-Ion Battery Positioning 4-8
4.3.1 High-Quality, Volume Manufacturing Facilities 4-10
4.4 Applications Of Lithium-Ion Batteries 4-11
4.5 Mobile Phone Industry 4-12
4.5.1 Nanowires 4-13
4.5.2 Thin Film Battery Enabling Chemistries 4-13
4.5.3 The Cathodes 4-14
4.5.4 Solid State Devices Provide More Energy Density 4-14
4.6 Advantages of Lithium-Ion Batteries 4-15
4.6.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Shortcomings 4-18
4.6.2 Charging 4-19
4.6.3 Applications 4-19
4.6.4 Costs 4-20
4.7 Lithium Cell Chemistry Variants 4-20
4.7.1 Lithium-ion 4-21
4.7.2 Lithium-ion Polymer 4-22
4.7.3 Other Lithium Cathode Chemistry Variants 4-23
4.7.4 Lithium Cobalt LiCoO2 4-23
4.7.5 Lithium Manganese LiMn2O4 4-23
4.7.6 Lithium Nickel LiNiO2 4-24
4.7.7 Lithium (NCM) Nickel Cobal Manganese – Li(NiCoMn)O2 4-24
4.7.8 Lithium Iron Phosphate LiFePO4 4-24
4.8 Operating Performance Of The Cell Can Be Tuned 4-25
4.9 Lithium Metal Polymer 4-26
4.9.1 Lithium Sulphur Li2S8 4-26
4.9.2 Alternative Anode Chemistry 4-26
4.10 ExxonMobil affiliate, Tonen Chemical
Polyethylene-Based, Porous Film 4-27
4.11 Cymbet Alternate Manufacturing 4-27
4.12 Thin-Film Batteries Packaging 4-27
4.13 ITN Energy Systems Fibrous Substrates, PowerFiber 4-28
4.13.1 ITN Sensors 4-31
4.14 Cell Construction 4-32
4.15 Impact Of Nanotechnology 4-33
4.16 Thin Film Batteries 4-34
4.16.1 Thin Film Battery Timescales and Costs 4-37
4.16.2 High Power And Energy Density 4-37
4.16.3 High Rate Capability 4-38
4.17 Comparison Of Rechargeable Battery Performance 4-39
4.18 Polymer Film Substrate 4-45
4.19 Micro Battery Solid Electrolyte 4-46
5.1 Nanotechnology Thin Film Battery Lithium-Ion Company Profiles 5-1
5.1 Nanotechnology Thin Film Battery Lithium-Ion 5-1
5.2 A123 Systems 5-1
5.2.1 A123 Systems Revenue 5-1
5.2.2 A123Systems Registration Statement for Initial Public Offering 5-2
5.2.3 A123 Systems Batteries Benefits 5-2
5.2.4 A123 Systems Competitive Advantage 5-4
5.2.5 A123 Systems Strategy 5-7
5.2.6 A123Systems and GE 5-8
5.2.7 A123 Acquisition of Hymotion 5-9
5.2.8 Procter & Gamble Duracell and A123 Systems Collaborate 5-10
5.2.9 Cobasys and A123 Systems 5-10
5.3 Advanced Cerametrics 5-11
5.4 Altair Nanotechnologies 5-12
5.4.1 Altair Nanotechnologies Power and Energy Group 5-12
5.4.2 Altair Nanotechnologies Performance Materials Division 5-12
5.4.3 Altair Nanotechnologies Life Sciences Division 5-14
5.4.4 Altair Nanotechnologies One-Megawatt Battery
System Available for Commercial Operation by AES
Energy Storage, LLC 5-14
5.4.5 Altair Nanotechnologies Revenues 5-15
5.5 Applied Data 5-16
5.6 Bekaert 5-16
5.7 Robert Bosch GmbH 5-17
5.8 Boston Power / Sonata 5-17
5.9 BYD 5-21
5.9.1 Warren Buffett Buys 10 Percent Stake In BYD
Chinese Battery Manufacturer 5-21
5.10 Cymbet 5-23
5.10.1 Cymbet Thin-Film, Solid-State Battery Technology 5-23
5.10.2 Cymbet and ANT Wireless Sensor Network 5-23
5.10.3 Garmin International ANT™ Wireless Network 5-25
5.11 Dow 5-25
5.12 E-One Moli Energy Group 5-26
5.13 Ener1 5-27
5.13.1 Ener1 Third Quarter 2008 Revenue 5-27
5.13.2 Ener1 Positioning Technology Originally
Pioneered By Argonne National Lab 5-30
5.13.3 Ener1 Acquires Enertech Leading Korean
Lithium-ion Battery Cell Producer 5-31
5.13.4 Ener1 / Enertech Specializes In Producing
Large Format Flat (“Prismatic”) Cells 5-32
5.13.5 EnerDel Operations 5-34
5.14 Energizer 5-39
5.15 Excellatron 5-44
5.16 Exon 5-45
5.16.1 ExxonMobil Chemical / Tonen Chemical Corporation 5-46
5.17 Front Edge Technology (FET) 5-47
5.18 GE 5-47
5.18.1 GE Global Research 5-48
5.18.2 GE Energy Financial Services 5-48
5.19 GM 5-48
5.19.1 General Motors Faces Bankruptcy 5-50
5.20 Ignite 5-51
5.21 IPS 5-51
5.22 Johnson Controls-Saft 5-52
5.23 KSW Microtec 5-52
5.24 LG Petrochemical 5-53
5.24.1 LG Chem 5-54
5.25 MMT Funds 5-54
5.26 NEC 5-54
5.26.1 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., NEC, And Subsidiary
NEC TOKIN Joint-Venture Company – Automotive
Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) – 5-55
5.26.2 First Commercial Application For AESC’s Li-Ion Batteries 5-57
5.26.3 NEC TOKIN Lithium-Manganese Electrodes by 2009 5-59
5.26.4 Nissan Partnership With NEC 5-59
5.26.5 NEC Lamilion Energy 5-60
5.27 Oak Ridge Micro-Energy 5-60
5.28 Panasonic / Sanyo 5-61
5.29 QuantumSphere 5-63
5.30 Saft 5-64
5.30.1 Saft Battery Technologies 5-66
5.30.2 Saft Industrial Battery Group (IBG) 5-68
5.30.3 Saft Specialty Battery Group (SBG) 5-69
5.30.4 Saft Rechargeable Battery Systems (RBS) 5-71
5.30.5 Saft Research and Development 5-71
5.30.6 Johnson Controls-Saft United States Advanced
Battery Consortium (USABC) 5-72
5.31 Samsung 5-73
5.32 Solicore 5-73
5.32.1 Solicore’s Flexion® Batteries Bluechip Million Unit Purchase 5-74
5.32.2 Solicore Embedded Power Solutions 5-75
5.33 Think 5-75
5.34 Valence 5-76
5.34.1 Valence Strategy 5-77
5.34.2 Phases Of Valence Business Strategy 5-78
5.35 Ulvac 5-80
Tables and Figures
Table ES-1 ES-4
Lithium-Ion Battery Market Driving Forces
Table ES-2 ES-6
Energy Advantages Of Thin-Film Batteries
Figure ES-3 ES-8
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure ES-4 ES-10
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2009-2015
Table 1-1 1-3
Principal Features Used To Compare Rechargeable Batteries
Figure 1-2 1-8
BMW’s Mini E Electric Car Powered By A Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery
Table 1-3 1-9
Examples of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Figure 1-4 1-19
Typical Structure Of A Thin Film Solid State Battery
Table 1-5 1-22
Characteristics Of Battery Cells
Table 2-1 2-4
Lithium-Ion Battery Market Driving Forces
Table 2-2 2-6
Energy Advantages Of Thin-Film Batteries
Figure 2-3 2-8
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Table 2-4 2-9
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure 2-5 2-12
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-6 2-13
Worldwide Lithium-Ion and Advanced Lithium-ion
Battery Market Forecasts, Automotive, Power Tools,
Electric Grid, and PC Card, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-7 2-14
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Automotive Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure 2-8 2-15
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Automotive Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure 2-9 2-21
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-10 2-22
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Units, 2009-2015
Figure 2-11 2-23
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Units and Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-12 2-30
Worldwide PC Card On Board Lithium-Ion Batteries
Market Forecasts, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-13 2-35
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Cordless Tool Advanced Battery Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Table 2-14 2-36
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Cordless Tool Advanced Battery Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure 2-15 2-38
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Battery Portable Power
Tool and Advanced Portable Battery Shipments,
Market Forecasts, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-16 2-41
Worldwide Electric Grid Lithium-Ion Battery
Storage Market Forecasts, Dollars, 2009-2015
Table 2-17 2-45
Commercialization Challenges Of The Automotive,
Truck, and Bus Thin Film Battery Industry
Table 2-18 2-47
Integrated Thin Film Battery Personal Transport
Power Systems
Table 2-19 2-49
Requirements For Advanced Power Sources In A
Variety Of Military Applications
Table 2-20 2-50
Large-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Key Advantages
Table 2-20 (Continued) 2-51
Large-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Key Advantages
Figure 3-1 3-2
A123 Systems Lithium Ion Battery
Table 3-2 3-3
A123 Systems APR18650M1 Features
Figure 3-3 3-4
A123 Systems lithium ion battery Cells: 26650
Figure 3-4 3-5
A123 Cells: 32 Series
Figure 3-5 3-7
A123 Systems Hybrid Characteristics
Figure 3-6 3-8
A123 Systems Hybrid Discharge Characteristics
Table 3-7 3-9
A123 Systems Benefits…
Table 3-8 3-10
A123 Systems Heavy Duty Custom and Standard Solutions
Figure 3-9 3-16
LG Chem Lithium-Ion Batteries
Table 3-10 3-32
Saft Lithium Technologies
Table 3-11 3-33
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Main applications
Table 3-11 (Continued) 3-34
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Main applications
Figure 3-12 3-35
Saft Non Rechargeable Battery
Table 3-13 3-39
Saft Lithium-Ion Construction Features
Table 3-14 3-40
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Benefits
Figure 3-15 3-42
Saft Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide (Li-SO2) Batteries
Table 3-16 3-44
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-45
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-46
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-47
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-48
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-49
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Figure 3-17 3-57
EnerDel Automotive Battery
Table 3-18 3-58
EnerDel Lithium Ion Battery System for HEVs
Table 3-19 3-59
EnerDel Automotive Battery Features
Table 3-20 3-60
Imara Thin Film Battery Cells
Figure 3-21 3-65
NEC Fuel Cells and Catalysts
Table 3-22 3-72
Key Features of Sony NP-FP71 Hybrid Lithium Ion
Rechargeable Battery
Table 3-22 (Continued) 3-73
Key Features of Sony NP-FP71 Hybrid Lithium Ion
Rechargeable Battery
Figure 3-23 3-74
Panasonic Lithium Batteries
Figure 3-24 3-75
Panasonic Lithium-Ion Rechargable Batteries
Table 3-25 3-76
Panasonic Rechargeable Lithium ion Batteries Features:
Table 3-26 3-76
Panasonic Rechargeable Lithium ion Batteries
Table 3-27 3-77
Panasonic Rechargeable Lithium ion Batteries
Table 3-28 3-85
Solicore Flexion Battery Product Features:
Table 3-29 3-86
Solicore’s Flexion Lithium Polymer Battery Applications
Table 3-30 3-87
Solicore’s Flexion Lithium Polymer Battery Uses
Figure 3-31 3-88
Solicore Flexion High Temperature Batteries Survive Lamination
Table 3-31A 3-89
Solicore RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Applications
Table 3-32 3-96
Excellatron Nanotechnology Thin Film Battery Features
Table 3-33 3-97
Excellatron Battery Advantages
Table 3-34 3-99
Excellatron Battery Thin Film Solid State Battery Components
Figure 3-35 3-102
Excellatron Thin Film Battery Charge/Discharge Profile at 25ºC.
Figure 3-36 3-103
Excellatron Thin Film Battery Charge/Discharge
Profile At 150ºC.
Figure 3-37 3-104
Excellatron High Temperature (150ºC) Charge And
Discharge Capacity
Figure 3-38 3-106
Excellatron Capacity And Resistance Of Thin Film Battery
As A Function Of Temperature
Figure 3-39 3-106
Excellatron’s Battery (0.1 mAh) Discharged By A 100 mA
Pulse at 80ºC.
Figure 3-40 3-108
Excellatron High Rate Pulse Discharge
Figure 3-41 3-109
Long Term Cyclability Of A Thin Film Solid State Battery
Figure 3-42: 3-110
Excellatron Thin Film Battery Long Term Cyclability
Figure 3-43 3-111
Discharge Capacity Of Several Typical Cathode Materials
Figure 3-44: 3-112
Excellatron Thin film batteries deposited on a thin polymer substrate.
Figure 3-45 3-114
Excellatron Proprietary Passivation Barrier and Packaging
Table 3-46 3-115
Comparison Of Battery Performances
Figure 3-47 3-131
Oak Ridge Construction of a Thin Film Battery
Table 3-48 3-136
Key Features of Valence Lithium Phosphate Technology
Table 3-49 3-139
ITN Commercial Markets:
Figure 3-50 3-140
ITN Thin Film Battery:
Table 3-51 3-141
ITN Thin Film Battery Design Features/Advantages
Table 3-52 3-142
ITN Thin Film Battery Economical production
Table 3-53 3-143
ITN Thin Film Battery Strengths
Figure 3-54 3-145
ITN Intelligent Process Control
Figure 3-55 3-146
Framework of Intelligent Processing of Materials
Figure 3-56 3-149
XRF Instrument Developed by ITN Used on a System
Figure 3-57 3-150
Thin Film Deposition
Figure 3- 58 3-150
ITP Thin-film Process
Table 3-59 3-151
Thin-film Process Capabilities
Table 3-60 3-152
ITNThin-film Material Processing Experience Metals
Table 4-1 4-4
Challenges in Lithium-ion Battery Design
Table 4-2 4-35
Thin Film Battery Unique Properties
Table 4-3 4-38
Comparison of battery performances
Table 4-4 4-40
Comparison of battery performances
Table 4-5 4-42
Thin Films For Advanced Batteries
Table 4-6 4-43
Thin Film Batteries Technology
Table 4-7 4-44
Thin Film Battery / Lithium Air Batteries Applications
Figure 4-8 4-45
Polymer Film Substrate Thin Flexible battery Profiles
Figure 4-9 4-46
Design Alternatives of Thin Film Rechargable Batteries
Table 5-1 5-3
A123 Systems Batteries Benefits
Table 5-2 5-5
A123 Systems Competitive Positioning
Table 5-2 (Continued) 5-6
A123 Systems Competitive Positioning
Table 5-2 (Continued) 5-7
A123 Systems Competitive Positioning
Figure 5-3 5-19
Boston-Power Charge Curve
Figure 5-4 5-20
Boston-Power Discharge Curve
Figure 5-5 5-35
EnerDel Operations
Figure 5-6 5-36
EnerDel Lithium Power Systems
Figure 5-7 5-37
EnerDel Lithium Power USABC Contracts
Figure 5-8 5-38
EnerDel Lithium Power Think Projct
Figure 5-9 5-63
Sanyo Battery Targets 2020
Figure 5-10 5-65
Saft Sales Segments Half 1, 2008
Figure 5-11 5-67
Saft Revenue H1 2008
Figure 5-12 5-81
Ulvac Vacuum Pumps, Gauges, and Valves
Worldwide nanotechnology thin film lithium-ion batteries are poised to achieve significant growth as units become more able to achieve deliver of power to electric vehicles efficiently. Less expensive lithium-ion batteries allow leveraging economies of scale and proliferation of devices into a wide range of applications. According to Susan Eustis, lead author of the study, “Economies of scale leverage the lithium-ion battery nanotechnology advances needed to make lithium-ion batteries competitive. Nanotechnology provided by lithium-ion research solves the issues poised by the need to store renewable energy. Lithium-ion batteries switch price reductions are poised to drive market adoption by making units affordable.”
Nanotechnology results obtained in the laboratory are being translated into commercial products. The processes of translating the nanotechnology science into thin film lithium ion batteries are anticipated to be ongoing. The breakthroughs of science in the laboratory have only begun to be translated into life outside the lab, with a long way to go in improving the functioning of the lithium-ion batteries. Unlike any other battery technology, thin film solid-state batteries show very high cycle life. Using very thin cathodes (0.05µm) batteries have been cycled in excess of 45,000 cycles with very limited loss in capacity. After 45,000 cycles, 95% of the original capacity remained.
Then there is the problem of translating the evolving technology into manufacturing process. What this means is that the market will be very dynamic, with the market leaders continuously being challenged by innovators, large and small that develop more cost efficient units. Systems integration and manufacturing capabilities have developed a broad family of high-power lithium-ion batteries and battery systems. A family of battery products, combined with strategic partner relationships in the transportation, electric grid services and portable power markets, position vendors to address these markets for lithium-ion batteries.
Electric Vehicles depend on design, development, manufacture, and support of advanced, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Batteries provide a combination of power, safety and life. Next-generation energy storage solutions are evolving as commercially available batteries. Lithium-ion batteries will play an increasingly important role in facilitating a shift toward cleaner forms of energy.
Innovative approaches to materials science and battery engineering are available from a large number of very significant companies — GE, Panasonic Sanyo / Matsushita Industrial Co., Ltd., NEC, Saft, Toshiba, BYD / Berkshire Hathaway, LG Chem, Altair Nanotechnologies, Samsung, Sony, A123 Systems with MIT technology, and Altair Nanotechnologies.
Markets for lithium-ion batteries at $911 million in 2008 are anticipated to reach $9.1 billion by 2015, growing in response to decreases in unit costs and increases. Lithiumion batteries used in cell phones and PCs, and in cordless power tools are proving the technology. Units are shipped into military markets and are used in satellites, proving the feasibility of systems. Small, lithium-ion prismatic batteries prove the feasibility of this technology. The large emerging markets are for hybrid and electric vehicles powered by renewable energy systems.
Report Methodology
This is the 399th report in a series of market research reports that provide forecasts in communications, telecommunications, the internet, computer, software, and telephone equipment. The project leaders take direct responsibility for writing and preparing each report. They have significant experience preparing industry studies. Forecasts are based on primary research and proprietary data bases. Forecasts reflect analysis of the market trends in the segment and related segments. Unit and dollar shipments are analyzed through consideration of dollar volume of each market participation in the segment. Market share analysis includes conversations with key customers of products, industry segment leaders, marketing directors, distributors, leading market participants, and companies seeking to develop measurable market share. Over 200 in-depth interviews are conducted for each report with a broad range of key participants and opinion leaders in the market segment.
Table of Contents :
Thin Film Lithium Ion Battery Executive Summary ES-1
Worldwide Nanotechnology Thin Film Lithium-Ion
Battery Market Driving Forces ES-1
Market Driving Forces ES-2
Nanotechnology Forms the Base for Lithium-Ion Batteries ES-7
Competitors ES-7
Lithium-Ion Battery Market Shares ES-7
Lithium-Ion Battery Market Forecasts ES-9
1. Thin Film Lithium Ion Battery
Market Description and Market Dynamics 1-1
1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Target Markets 1-1
1.1.1 Project Better Place and the Renault-Nissan Alliance 1-2
1.1.2 Largest Target Market, The Transportation Industry 1-3
1.1.3 Electric Grid Services Market 1-4
1.1.4 Portable Power Market, Power Tools 1-5
1.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Technologies Transportation
Industry Target Market 1-7
1.3 Energy Storage For Grid Stabilization 1-11
1.3.1 Local Energy Storage Benefit For Utilities 1-12
1.4 Applications Require On-Printed Circuit
Board Battery Power 1-13
1.4.1 Thin-film vs. Printed Batteries 1-13
1.5 Smart Buildings 1-14
1.5.1 Permanent Power for Wireless Sensors 1-16
1.6 Battery Safety / Potential Hazards 1-17
1.7 Thin Film Solid-State Battery Construction 1-18
1.8 Battery Is Electrochemical Device 1-20
1.9 Battery Depends On Chemical Energy 1-21
1.9.1 Characteristics Of Battery Cells 1-21
1.9.2 Batteries Are Designed Differently For Various Applications 1-23
2. Thin Film Lithium Ion Battery Market
Shares and Market Forecasts 2-1
2.1 Worldwide Nanotechnology Thin Film Lithium-Ion
Battery Market Driving Forces 2-1
2.1.1 Market Driving Forces 2-2
2.1.2 Nanotechnology Forms the Base for Lithium-Ion Batteries 2-7
2.1.3 Competitors 2-7
2.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Market Shares 2-7
2.2.1 ExxonMobil Affiliate in Japan / Tonen Chemical 2-10
2.3 Lithium-Ion Battery Market Forecasts 2-11
2.4 Electric Vehicle and Hybrid Vehicle Lithium-Ion
Battery Market Shares 2-14
2.4.1 BYD 2-16
2.4.2 Johnson Controls-Saft 2-16
2.4.3 Saft Battery Technologies 2-17
2.4.4 A123Systems 32 Series Automotive Class
Lithium Ion™ Cells: 2-17
2.4.5 NEC and Nissen 2-19
2.4.6 LG Chem 2-20
2.4.7 EnerDel 2-20
2.4.8 Competition 2-20
2.5 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Lithium-Ion
Battery Market Forecasts 2-21
2.5.1 Largest Target Market, The Transportation Industry 2-25
Thin Film Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery EV Market 2-27
Thin Film Lithium-Ion And Lithium Polymer Automotive Batteries 2-27
2.6 Thin-Film and Printed Batteries: On-Board
Solutions for Low-Power Electronics 2-29
2.6.1 Solicore Tiny Flat Battery 2-31
2.6.2 Thin-Film, Organic, and Printed Batteries:
On-Board Solutions for Low-Power Electronics 2-32
2.7 Cell Phone, Communications, And PC Lithium-Ion
Battery Technology Markets Discussion 2-33
2.7.1 Samsung SDI 2-33
2.7.2 BYD 2-33
2.7.3 Saft 2-33
2.7.4 Portable Power Competition 2-34
2.8 Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Portable Power
Market, Power Tools Market Shares 2-34
2.8.1 A123 Systems 2-36
2.9 Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Portable Power,
Power Tools Market Forecasts 2-37
2.10 Lithium-Ion Battery Technology Electric
Grid Services Markets 2-40
2.10.1 Electric Grid Services 2-42
2.11 Thin Film Lithium-Ion Battery Market Positioning 2-43
2.11.1 US And Its Allies Are Changing The Military Landscape 2-48
2.12 Digital Device Battery Forecasts 2-51
3. Thin Film Lithium-Ion Battery Product Description 3-1
3.1 A123 Systems 3-1
3.1.1 A123 Systems Lithium Ion Cell Construction
Based On A Dual Plate Tubular Design 3-4
3.1.2 A123Systems 32 Series Automotive Class
Lithium Ion™ Cells: 3-5
3.1.3 GM and A123Systems Co-Develop
Lithium-Ion Battery Cell for Chevrolet Volt 3-11
3.1.4 A123Systems / GE Production Contract for
Norewegian Think Electric Vehicles 3-12
3.1.5 A123Systems Patent for Nanophosphate™
Lithium Ion Battery Technology 3-14
3.2 LG Chem 3-15
3.2.1 LG Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Battery 3-15
3.2.2 LG Lithium-ion Polymer Battery 3-15
3.2.3 LG Lithium-ion Battery Prismatic Type 3-17
3.2.4 LG Chem 3-17
3.3 SAFT 3-18
3.3.1 Saft Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Batteries 3-18
3.3.2 Saft is Li-ion Batteries For Commercial
GEO Satellites to JSC ISS of Russia 3-19
3.3.3 Saft Contract To Power Hybrid Electric Mobile
Utility Systems From Titan Energy Development 3-21
3.3.4 Saft and ABB Develop New High Voltage Li-ion
Battery System 3-22
3.3.5 Saft Hybrid Battery Technology for Wisconsin Clean Energy 3-24
3.3.6 Saft High-Energy Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries For Raytheon 3-25
3.3.7 Saft Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Battery Backup Systems 3-25
3.3.8 Saft Energy Storage As A Key
Renewable Energy Enabling Technology 3-26
3.3.9 Saft / Solion Large Li-ion batteries 3-27
3.3.10 Saft Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide (Li-So2) Batteries 3-31
3.3.11 Saft Lithium Technologies 3-32
3.3.12 Saft Lithium-thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) 3-32
3.3.13 Lithium-thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) – LS/LST/LSG cell ranges 3-35
3.3.14 Saft Small LS/LST bobbin cells 3-36
3.3.15 Saft Large LS/T bobbin cells 3-38
3.3.16 Saft Lithium-Manganese Dioxide (Li-MnO2) 3-43
3.3.17 Saft Lithium-ion (Li-ion) 3-43
3.4 BYD 3-50
3.4.1 Warren Buffett Buys 10 Percent Stake In BYD
Chinese Battery Manufacturer 3-50
3.4.2 BYD Battery Expertise 3-52
3.5 Panasonic / Sanyo 3-53
3.6 Samsung 3-54
3.7 Ener1 / EnerDel 3-55
3.7.1 EnerDel Lithium-Ion Prismatic Design 3-56
3.7.2 EnerDel Addressing Market Demand for
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) 3-56
3.7.3 EnerDel 5Amp Battery Pack 3-60
3.8 Imara 3-60
3.9 ExxonMobil Affiliate in Japan / Tonen Chemical 3-62
3.9.1 Tonen Chemical Leading Supplier Of Separators
For Lithium Ion Batteries 3-63
3.10 NEC 3-63
3.10.1 Nissan and NEC Group 3-64
3.10.2 Nissan And NEC Joint Venture 3-65
3.10.3 NEC High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries
Employ A Compact Laminated Configuration 3-66
3.10.4 NEC / Nissan Low-Cost Lithium-Manganese Batteries 3-67
3.10.5 NEC Lamilion Energy 3-68
3.10.6 NEC Subaru 3-68
3.10.7 NEC Thin Film Battery Has Sixteen Modules
Consisting Of Twelve Cells, Serially Connected 3-69
3.10.8 NEC / Subaru Thin Film Battery Flat Shape 3-69
3.11 Sony 3-71
3.12 Matshushita Industrial Co., Ltd. (Panasonic) 3-73
3.12.1 Panasonic Lithium Batteries 3-74
3.12.2 Panasonic Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 3-75
3.13 E-One Moli Energy 3-79
3.13.1 Product Data Sheets 3-81
3.14 QuantumSphere 3-82
3.15 Solicore Ultra Thin-Film Battery 3-84
3.15.1 Solicore’s Flexion Lithium Polymer Batteries 3-86
3.15.2 Solicore Flexion Lithium Powered Cards 3-87
3.15.3 Solicore RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Devices 3-89
3.15.4 Solicore’s Flexion® Batteries Bluechip Million Unit Purchase 3-90
3.15.5 Solicore Supports Smart Cards 3-91
3.16 Cymbet EnerChip™ Solid-State, Rechargeable
Thin-Film Batteries 3-92
3.16.1 Cymbet Enerchip™ Sensors Support 3-94
3.17 Front Edge Technology 3-95
3.18 Excellatron Thin-Film Micro-Batteries 3-95
3.18.1 Contrast To Conventional Lithium Cells 3-95
3.18.2 Excellatron Market Advantage 3-97
3.18.3 Excellatron Battery Current State of the Art 3-99
3.18.4 Excellatron Battery Intrinsically Safe 3-101
3.18.5 High Temperature Performance of
Excellatron Thin Film Batteries 3-101
3.18.6 Excellatron Long Cycle Life 3-109
3.18.7 Excellatron Polymer Film Substrate for Thin Flexible Profile 3-111
3.18.8 Excellatron Unique Proprietary Passivation
Barrier and Packaging Solution 3-113
3.19 Front Edge 50,000 Prototypes Of Nanoenergy Batteries 3-117
3.19.1 Front Edge Technology (FET) 3-117
3.20 Infinite Power Solutions (IPS) Flexible Thin-Film Batteries 3-127
3.20.1 Infinite Power Solutions 3-129
3.21 Oak Ridge Micro-Energy 3-130
3.21.1 Oak Ridge Micro-Energy Thin Film Batteries 3-132
3.22 Energizer 3-132
3.22.1 Energizer Holdings 3-133
3.23 Valence 3-134
3.23.1 PVI for Valence’s U-Charge(R) XP Energy Storage Systems 3-134
3.23.2 Valence Lithium Phosphate 3-135
3.23.3 Valence Lithium Phosphate Stability and Dependability 3-137
3.23.4 Valence Safety Focus 3-137
3.23.5 Valence Lithium Phosphate Alternative to Lead-Acid 3-138
3.23.6 Valence Lithium Phosphate Storage and Run-Time 3-138
3.23.7 Valence Lithium Phosphate Safety and Maintenance Free 3-138
3.24 ITN Energy Systems 3-139
3.24.1 ITN Intelligent Processing, Sensors, & Controls: 3-142
3.24.2 ITN Control: 3-144
3.24.3 ITN Sensors 3-147
3.24.4 ITN Unique Sensors: X-Ray Fluorescence And
Parallel Detection Spectroscopic Ellipsometer 3-148
3.25 ULVAC 3-159
3.26 Intersil 3-159
4. Thin Film Lithium Ion Battery Technology 4-1
4.1 Vendor Lithium-ion Battery Strategy 4-1
4.1.1 Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Characteristics 4-2
4.2 Challenges in Battery Design 4-3
4.2.1 Advanced Lithium-ion Batteries Requirements 4-7
4.3 Vendor Lithium-Ion Battery Positioning 4-8
4.3.1 High-Quality, Volume Manufacturing Facilities 4-10
4.4 Applications Of Lithium-Ion Batteries 4-11
4.5 Mobile Phone Industry 4-12
4.5.1 Nanowires 4-13
4.5.2 Thin Film Battery Enabling Chemistries 4-13
4.5.3 The Cathodes 4-14
4.5.4 Solid State Devices Provide More Energy Density 4-14
4.6 Advantages of Lithium-Ion Batteries 4-15
4.6.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Shortcomings 4-18
4.6.2 Charging 4-19
4.6.3 Applications 4-19
4.6.4 Costs 4-20
4.7 Lithium Cell Chemistry Variants 4-20
4.7.1 Lithium-ion 4-21
4.7.2 Lithium-ion Polymer 4-22
4.7.3 Other Lithium Cathode Chemistry Variants 4-23
4.7.4 Lithium Cobalt LiCoO2 4-23
4.7.5 Lithium Manganese LiMn2O4 4-23
4.7.6 Lithium Nickel LiNiO2 4-24
4.7.7 Lithium (NCM) Nickel Cobal Manganese – Li(NiCoMn)O2 4-24
4.7.8 Lithium Iron Phosphate LiFePO4 4-24
4.8 Operating Performance Of The Cell Can Be Tuned 4-25
4.9 Lithium Metal Polymer 4-26
4.9.1 Lithium Sulphur Li2S8 4-26
4.9.2 Alternative Anode Chemistry 4-26
4.10 ExxonMobil affiliate, Tonen Chemical
Polyethylene-Based, Porous Film 4-27
4.11 Cymbet Alternate Manufacturing 4-27
4.12 Thin-Film Batteries Packaging 4-27
4.13 ITN Energy Systems Fibrous Substrates, PowerFiber 4-28
4.13.1 ITN Sensors 4-31
4.14 Cell Construction 4-32
4.15 Impact Of Nanotechnology 4-33
4.16 Thin Film Batteries 4-34
4.16.1 Thin Film Battery Timescales and Costs 4-37
4.16.2 High Power And Energy Density 4-37
4.16.3 High Rate Capability 4-38
4.17 Comparison Of Rechargeable Battery Performance 4-39
4.18 Polymer Film Substrate 4-45
4.19 Micro Battery Solid Electrolyte 4-46
5.1 Nanotechnology Thin Film Battery Lithium-Ion Company Profiles 5-1
5.1 Nanotechnology Thin Film Battery Lithium-Ion 5-1
5.2 A123 Systems 5-1
5.2.1 A123 Systems Revenue 5-1
5.2.2 A123Systems Registration Statement for Initial Public Offering 5-2
5.2.3 A123 Systems Batteries Benefits 5-2
5.2.4 A123 Systems Competitive Advantage 5-4
5.2.5 A123 Systems Strategy 5-7
5.2.6 A123Systems and GE 5-8
5.2.7 A123 Acquisition of Hymotion 5-9
5.2.8 Procter & Gamble Duracell and A123 Systems Collaborate 5-10
5.2.9 Cobasys and A123 Systems 5-10
5.3 Advanced Cerametrics 5-11
5.4 Altair Nanotechnologies 5-12
5.4.1 Altair Nanotechnologies Power and Energy Group 5-12
5.4.2 Altair Nanotechnologies Performance Materials Division 5-12
5.4.3 Altair Nanotechnologies Life Sciences Division 5-14
5.4.4 Altair Nanotechnologies One-Megawatt Battery
System Available for Commercial Operation by AES
Energy Storage, LLC 5-14
5.4.5 Altair Nanotechnologies Revenues 5-15
5.5 Applied Data 5-16
5.6 Bekaert 5-16
5.7 Robert Bosch GmbH 5-17
5.8 Boston Power / Sonata 5-17
5.9 BYD 5-21
5.9.1 Warren Buffett Buys 10 Percent Stake In BYD
Chinese Battery Manufacturer 5-21
5.10 Cymbet 5-23
5.10.1 Cymbet Thin-Film, Solid-State Battery Technology 5-23
5.10.2 Cymbet and ANT Wireless Sensor Network 5-23
5.10.3 Garmin International ANT™ Wireless Network 5-25
5.11 Dow 5-25
5.12 E-One Moli Energy Group 5-26
5.13 Ener1 5-27
5.13.1 Ener1 Third Quarter 2008 Revenue 5-27
5.13.2 Ener1 Positioning Technology Originally
Pioneered By Argonne National Lab 5-30
5.13.3 Ener1 Acquires Enertech Leading Korean
Lithium-ion Battery Cell Producer 5-31
5.13.4 Ener1 / Enertech Specializes In Producing
Large Format Flat (“Prismatic”) Cells 5-32
5.13.5 EnerDel Operations 5-34
5.14 Energizer 5-39
5.15 Excellatron 5-44
5.16 Exon 5-45
5.16.1 ExxonMobil Chemical / Tonen Chemical Corporation 5-46
5.17 Front Edge Technology (FET) 5-47
5.18 GE 5-47
5.18.1 GE Global Research 5-48
5.18.2 GE Energy Financial Services 5-48
5.19 GM 5-48
5.19.1 General Motors Faces Bankruptcy 5-50
5.20 Ignite 5-51
5.21 IPS 5-51
5.22 Johnson Controls-Saft 5-52
5.23 KSW Microtec 5-52
5.24 LG Petrochemical 5-53
5.24.1 LG Chem 5-54
5.25 MMT Funds 5-54
5.26 NEC 5-54
5.26.1 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., NEC, And Subsidiary
NEC TOKIN Joint-Venture Company – Automotive
Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) – 5-55
5.26.2 First Commercial Application For AESC’s Li-Ion Batteries 5-57
5.26.3 NEC TOKIN Lithium-Manganese Electrodes by 2009 5-59
5.26.4 Nissan Partnership With NEC 5-59
5.26.5 NEC Lamilion Energy 5-60
5.27 Oak Ridge Micro-Energy 5-60
5.28 Panasonic / Sanyo 5-61
5.29 QuantumSphere 5-63
5.30 Saft 5-64
5.30.1 Saft Battery Technologies 5-66
5.30.2 Saft Industrial Battery Group (IBG) 5-68
5.30.3 Saft Specialty Battery Group (SBG) 5-69
5.30.4 Saft Rechargeable Battery Systems (RBS) 5-71
5.30.5 Saft Research and Development 5-71
5.30.6 Johnson Controls-Saft United States Advanced
Battery Consortium (USABC) 5-72
5.31 Samsung 5-73
5.32 Solicore 5-73
5.32.1 Solicore’s Flexion® Batteries Bluechip Million Unit Purchase 5-74
5.32.2 Solicore Embedded Power Solutions 5-75
5.33 Think 5-75
5.34 Valence 5-76
5.34.1 Valence Strategy 5-77
5.34.2 Phases Of Valence Business Strategy 5-78
5.35 Ulvac 5-80
Tables and Figures
Table ES-1 ES-4
Lithium-Ion Battery Market Driving Forces
Table ES-2 ES-6
Energy Advantages Of Thin-Film Batteries
Figure ES-3 ES-8
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure ES-4 ES-10
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2009-2015
Table 1-1 1-3
Principal Features Used To Compare Rechargeable Batteries
Figure 1-2 1-8
BMW’s Mini E Electric Car Powered By A Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery
Table 1-3 1-9
Examples of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Figure 1-4 1-19
Typical Structure Of A Thin Film Solid State Battery
Table 1-5 1-22
Characteristics Of Battery Cells
Table 2-1 2-4
Lithium-Ion Battery Market Driving Forces
Table 2-2 2-6
Energy Advantages Of Thin-Film Batteries
Figure 2-3 2-8
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Table 2-4 2-9
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure 2-5 2-12
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-6 2-13
Worldwide Lithium-Ion and Advanced Lithium-ion
Battery Market Forecasts, Automotive, Power Tools,
Electric Grid, and PC Card, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-7 2-14
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Automotive Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure 2-8 2-15
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Automotive Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure 2-9 2-21
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-10 2-22
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Units, 2009-2015
Figure 2-11 2-23
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Advanced Battery
Shipments, Market Shares, Units and Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-12 2-30
Worldwide PC Card On Board Lithium-Ion Batteries
Market Forecasts, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-13 2-35
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Cordless Tool Advanced Battery Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Table 2-14 2-36
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Thin Film Cordless Tool Advanced Battery Shipments, Market Shares, Dollars, 2008
Figure 2-15 2-38
Worldwide Lithium-Ion Battery Portable Power
Tool and Advanced Portable Battery Shipments,
Market Forecasts, Dollars, 2009-2015
Figure 2-16 2-41
Worldwide Electric Grid Lithium-Ion Battery
Storage Market Forecasts, Dollars, 2009-2015
Table 2-17 2-45
Commercialization Challenges Of The Automotive,
Truck, and Bus Thin Film Battery Industry
Table 2-18 2-47
Integrated Thin Film Battery Personal Transport
Power Systems
Table 2-19 2-49
Requirements For Advanced Power Sources In A
Variety Of Military Applications
Table 2-20 2-50
Large-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Key Advantages
Table 2-20 (Continued) 2-51
Large-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Key Advantages
Figure 3-1 3-2
A123 Systems Lithium Ion Battery
Table 3-2 3-3
A123 Systems APR18650M1 Features
Figure 3-3 3-4
A123 Systems lithium ion battery Cells: 26650
Figure 3-4 3-5
A123 Cells: 32 Series
Figure 3-5 3-7
A123 Systems Hybrid Characteristics
Figure 3-6 3-8
A123 Systems Hybrid Discharge Characteristics
Table 3-7 3-9
A123 Systems Benefits…
Table 3-8 3-10
A123 Systems Heavy Duty Custom and Standard Solutions
Figure 3-9 3-16
LG Chem Lithium-Ion Batteries
Table 3-10 3-32
Saft Lithium Technologies
Table 3-11 3-33
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Main applications
Table 3-11 (Continued) 3-34
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Main applications
Figure 3-12 3-35
Saft Non Rechargeable Battery
Table 3-13 3-39
Saft Lithium-Ion Construction Features
Table 3-14 3-40
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Benefits
Figure 3-15 3-42
Saft Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide (Li-SO2) Batteries
Table 3-16 3-44
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-45
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-46
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-47
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-48
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Table 3-16 (Continued) 3-49
Saft Lithium-Ion Battery Variations
Figure 3-17 3-57
EnerDel Automotive Battery
Table 3-18 3-58
EnerDel Lithium Ion Battery System for HEVs
Table 3-19 3-59
EnerDel Automotive Battery Features
Table 3-20 3-60
Imara Thin Film Battery Cells
Figure 3-21 3-65
NEC Fuel Cells and Catalysts
Table 3-22 3-72
Key Features of Sony NP-FP71 Hybrid Lithium Ion
Rechargeable Battery
Table 3-22 (Continued) 3-73
Key Features of Sony NP-FP71 Hybrid Lithium Ion
Rechargeable Battery
Figure 3-23 3-74
Panasonic Lithium Batteries
Figure 3-24 3-75
Panasonic Lithium-Ion Rechargable Batteries
Table 3-25 3-76
Panasonic Rechargeable Lithium ion Batteries Features:
Table 3-26 3-76
Panasonic Rechargeable Lithium ion Batteries
Table 3-27 3-77
Panasonic Rechargeable Lithium ion Batteries
Table 3-28 3-85
Solicore Flexion Battery Product Features:
Table 3-29 3-86
Solicore’s Flexion Lithium Polymer Battery Applications
Table 3-30 3-87
Solicore’s Flexion Lithium Polymer Battery Uses
Figure 3-31 3-88
Solicore Flexion High Temperature Batteries Survive Lamination
Table 3-31A 3-89
Solicore RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Applications
Table 3-32 3-96
Excellatron Nanotechnology Thin Film Battery Features
Table 3-33 3-97
Excellatron Battery Advantages
Table 3-34 3-99
Excellatron Battery Thin Film Solid State Battery Components
Figure 3-35 3-102
Excellatron Thin Film Battery Charge/Discharge Profile at 25ºC.
Figure 3-36 3-103
Excellatron Thin Film Battery Charge/Discharge
Profile At 150ºC.
Figure 3-37 3-104
Excellatron High Temperature (150ºC) Charge And
Discharge Capacity
Figure 3-38 3-106
Excellatron Capacity And Resistance Of Thin Film Battery
As A Function Of Temperature
Figure 3-39 3-106
Excellatron’s Battery (0.1 mAh) Discharged By A 100 mA
Pulse at 80ºC.
Figure 3-40 3-108
Excellatron High Rate Pulse Discharge
Figure 3-41 3-109
Long Term Cyclability Of A Thin Film Solid State Battery
Figure 3-42: 3-110
Excellatron Thin Film Battery Long Term Cyclability
Figure 3-43 3-111
Discharge Capacity Of Several Typical Cathode Materials
Figure 3-44: 3-112
Excellatron Thin film batteries deposited on a thin polymer substrate.
Figure 3-45 3-114
Excellatron Proprietary Passivation Barrier and Packaging
Table 3-46 3-115
Comparison Of Battery Performances
Figure 3-47 3-131
Oak Ridge Construction of a Thin Film Battery
Table 3-48 3-136
Key Features of Valence Lithium Phosphate Technology
Table 3-49 3-139
ITN Commercial Markets:
Figure 3-50 3-140
ITN Thin Film Battery:
Table 3-51 3-141
ITN Thin Film Battery Design Features/Advantages
Table 3-52 3-142
ITN Thin Film Battery Economical production
Table 3-53 3-143
ITN Thin Film Battery Strengths
Figure 3-54 3-145
ITN Intelligent Process Control
Figure 3-55 3-146
Framework of Intelligent Processing of Materials
Figure 3-56 3-149
XRF Instrument Developed by ITN Used on a System
Figure 3-57 3-150
Thin Film Deposition
Figure 3- 58 3-150
ITP Thin-film Process
Table 3-59 3-151
Thin-film Process Capabilities
Table 3-60 3-152
ITNThin-film Material Processing Experience Metals
Table 4-1 4-4
Challenges in Lithium-ion Battery Design
Table 4-2 4-35
Thin Film Battery Unique Properties
Table 4-3 4-38
Comparison of battery performances
Table 4-4 4-40
Comparison of battery performances
Table 4-5 4-42
Thin Films For Advanced Batteries
Table 4-6 4-43
Thin Film Batteries Technology
Table 4-7 4-44
Thin Film Battery / Lithium Air Batteries Applications
Figure 4-8 4-45
Polymer Film Substrate Thin Flexible battery Profiles
Figure 4-9 4-46
Design Alternatives of Thin Film Rechargable Batteries
Table 5-1 5-3
A123 Systems Batteries Benefits
Table 5-2 5-5
A123 Systems Competitive Positioning
Table 5-2 (Continued) 5-6
A123 Systems Competitive Positioning
Table 5-2 (Continued) 5-7
A123 Systems Competitive Positioning
Figure 5-3 5-19
Boston-Power Charge Curve
Figure 5-4 5-20
Boston-Power Discharge Curve
Figure 5-5 5-35
EnerDel Operations
Figure 5-6 5-36
EnerDel Lithium Power Systems
Figure 5-7 5-37
EnerDel Lithium Power USABC Contracts
Figure 5-8 5-38
EnerDel Lithium Power Think Projct
Figure 5-9 5-63
Sanyo Battery Targets 2020
Figure 5-10 5-65
Saft Sales Segments Half 1, 2008
Figure 5-11 5-67
Saft Revenue H1 2008
Figure 5-12 5-81
Ulvac Vacuum Pumps, Gauges, and Valves
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