Nanophotonics with Surface Plasmons

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Current developments in optical technologies are being directed toward nanoscale devices with subwavelength dimensions, in which photons are manipulated on the nanoscale. Although light is clearly the fastest means to send information to and from the nanoscale, there is a fundamental incompatibility between light at the microscale and devices and processes at the nanoscale. Nanostructured metals which support surface plasmon modes can concentrate electromagnetic (EM) fields to a small fraction of a wavelength while enhancing local field strengths by several orders of magnitude. For this reason, plasmonic nanostructures can serve as optical couplers across the nano-micro interface: metal-dielectric and metal-semiconductor nanostructures can act as optical nanoantennae and enhance light matter coupling in nanoscale devices. This book describes how one can fully integrate plasmonic nanostructures into dielectric, semiconductor, and molecular photonic devices, for guiding photons across the nano-micro interface and for detecting molecules with unsurpassed sensitivity.

·Nanophotonics and Nanoplasmonics
·Metamaterials and negative-index materials
·Plasmon-enhanced sensing and spectroscopy
·Imaging and sensing on the nanoscale
·Metal Optics

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Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

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The Committee on Technology Insight-Gauge, Evaluate & Review set up by the NRC at the request of the Defense Intelligence Agency, has selected a number of emerging technologies to investigate for their potential threats to and opportunities for national security. This first study focused on emerging applications of nanophotonics, which is about the interaction of matter and light at the scale of the wavelength of the light. Manipulation of matter at that scale allows tailoring the optical properties to permit a wide-range of commercial and defense applications. This book presents a review of the nanoscale phenomena underpinning nanophotonics, an assessment of enabling technologies for developing new applications, an examination of potential military applications, and an assessment of foreign investment capabilities.

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Handbook of Photomask Manufacturing Technology

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As the semiconductor industry attempts to increase the number of functions that will fit into the smallest space on a chip, it becomes increasingly important for new technologies to keep apace with these demands. Photomask technology is one of the key areas to achieving this goal. Although brief overviews of photomask technology exist in the literature, the Handbook of Photomask Manufacturing Technology is the first in-depth, comprehensive treatment of existing and emerging photomask technologies available.

The Handbook of Photomask Manufacturing Technology features contributions from 40 internationally prominent authors from industry, academia, government, national labs, and consortia. These authors discuss conventional masks and their supporting technologies, as well as next-generation, non-optical technologies such as extreme ultraviolet, electron projection, ion projection, and x-ray lithography. The book begins with an overview of the history of photomask development. It then demonstrates the steps involved in designing, producing, testing, inspecting, and repairing photomasks, following the sequences observed in actual production. The text also includes sections on materials used as well as modeling and simulation.

Continued refinements in the photomask-making process have ushered in the sub-wavelength era in nanolithography. This invaluable handbook synthesizes these refinements and provides the tools and possibilities necessary to reach the next generation of microfabrication technologies. ——Features——————— · Provides a multi-dimensional view of photomask technology · Offers a general overview and detailed, in-depth discussions of photomask technology · Builds expertise on design and processing to optimize photomask constraints without sacrificing functionality and specs of the chip · Discusses mask writing, providing detailed treatment of electron beam writers and laser writers · Contains a complete walkthrough of the development process from conception to final testing, including modeling and simulation

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Photonic Microsystems: Micro and Nanotechnology Applied to Optical Devices and Systems

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Photonic Microsystems: Micro and Nanotechnology Applied to Optical Devices and Systems, describes MEMS technology and demonstrates how MEMS allow miniaturization, parallel fabrication, and efficient packaging of optics, as well as integration of optics and electronics. It shows how the characteristics of MEMS enable practical implementations of a variety of applications, including projection displays, fiber switches, interferometers, spectrometers.

The book describes the phenomenon of Photonic crystals (nanophotonics) and demonstrates how Photonic crystals enable synthesis of materials with optimized optical characteristics and allow control over optical fields over sub-wavelength distances, leading to devices with improved scaling and functionality compared to traditional optics.

It concludes with a discussion of the need for the combination of MEMS and Photonic crystals by demonstrating that practical photonic-crystal devices leverage MEMS technology for integration and packaging.

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Nanophotonics of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes: Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals and Optical Dipole Antennas

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“The work by Wang et al. suggests a host of applications in optoelectronics, for example infrared polarizers or polarization detectors, using arrays in which the MWCNTs have a range of lengths, and wavelength-specific detectors, for which the MWCNTs are fabricated to all have the same desired length. MWCNTs are preferable to SWCNTs for their electrical metallicity and greater mechanical robustness, and their random spacing in the arrays suppresses interference effects. The preparation of the MWCNT arrays could easily be extended to a high-throughput process with the use of established technology. Over the decade-long history of carbon nanotubes there has been substantial investment by the private sector in nanotube research and development: the technology devised by Wang et al. may well spawn optoelectronic applications of considerable commercial significance.” –M. S. Dresselhaus, Nature 432, 959 (2004)

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